Female Deception in Aristophanes Essays -- Aristophanes Women Thesmoph

Female Deception in Aristophanes The sly, deceptive nature of women in Ancient Greece is a prominent theme in the comic plays of Aristophanes. Like many other Grecian writers, his depiction of crimes committed by women slanders their reputation and reinforces the negative female stereotypes of the times. Yet when one looks at the issue through the eyes of the female characters in his plays, women’s deception appears to be not only natural, but even praiseworthy for its reliability and aide in leadership, and is relatively insubstantial compared to the crimes committed by men. In particular, his two plays Women at the Thesmophoria and Assemblywomen show that female attitudes about deception were varied depending on the crime, and that if a woman’s deception was for a good cause it was pardoned in the eyes of her fellow matrons. In Women at the Thesmophoria, a Kinsman of Euripides disguises himself as a woman and sneaks into the festival of the Thesmophoria in order to defend the tragic poet, who the women want to kill because he slanders them in his plays. In her speech against him at the festival, Mika complains that he calls them â€Å"lover-bangers, nymphos, wine-oglers, disloyal, chattery, unwholesome, the bane of men’s lives† (lines 431-432). On the one hand, these women do not deny the charges Euripides brings against them but seem only to want to continue getting away with them without being caught, ironically giving proof to their deceptive nature. In lines 384-396 the female Herald actually admits that these types of crimes do occur in the household. However, the women’s acceptance of them varies. While they defend the practice of baby-swapping, they denounce women who betray lovers, elderly women who steal youn... ...n of deceit in women by no means lessens the restrictions on gender roles and norms in Ancient Greek society, it suggests that women’s opinions on deception were much more tolerant if the circumstances behind the deceit made it excusable. Women seem to view their own deception as innate, useful in certain situations, and insignificant compared to the vulgar, selfish acts of men. The combination of these female attitudes with those of the male characters gives women’s deceit both positive as well as negative connotations. Whether a male comedian’s perception of women’s attitudes about deceit reflects actual female opinion or not is still to be contested, but even by poking fun at women’s ability to rule Aristophanes is giving the Athenian women some voice about their own deceptive characteristics and creates a more well-rounded look at female deception as a whole.

Black Hand †The Conspiracy that started War Essay

In 1911 ten politically important men of Serbia formed a secret society called the Black Hand in one of their sister’s basements. Three years later, the Black Hand had started World War one. Fifteen million people died, 20 million people wounded; all because of the bad judgement of one man and the death of another. The cause the Black Hand was fighting for was a worthy one for they were simply liberating themselves from Austro-Hungarian control. They wanted to be free people and many powerful and political people of Serbia joined the leader ranks of the Black Hand. They operated through stealth and if a perpetrator of the Black Hand was caught by the enemy then they were under strict orders to commit suicide at the first opportunity, if not then the Black Hand would kill that person themselves in case they had become a spy for the enemy; One bad move and the foundation of which they formed would be ripped apart; They had to be cautious and very clear on what they intended to d o or their enemy would pick them off one by one. The cause of the First World War is quite memorably famous; well I’d say it is to anyone who’s studied WWI in school but what may seem interesting is how one small rock that is the assassination of a prince, tied to many other bigger rocks that are the empires and the countries, could miraculously pull them all in to a never-ending hole in such short time. Many speculate that the tension between the two sides of the war was at such a high standing point that even a feather could make that tension blow up colossally; others who think otherwise are quite stupid. So generally it wasn’t the small innocent(well I wouldn’t exactly say innocent) rock that pulled the larger rocks into deep oblivion, no, it was the powerful winds abided and helped by the small rock that made it all happen, a small rock made such a big difference in a much larger world, anything’s possible eh? The Black Hand was a secret organisation whose sole goal was to disrupt Austria-Hun gary plans, terrorise them in their most crucial points and in the end game; kick them out of Serbia so the country could once again be whole and free. They would go to any measures to extrapolate their plans and many people died. They formed in 1911 and by 1914 there were several hundreds of members, perhaps even more accurately two thousand five hundred. They had spies everywhere. Perhaps their biggest act and possibly their biggest overestimated one was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. They could never possibly see that it would some short time later cause World War one. They had hoped to shake Austria-Hungary and perhaps cite some fear into the King but never to cause a war of mass scale. Unfortunately any one thing, however small, was enough to pop that tension filled balloon and cause a war. So If they didn’t cause the war, something else was obviously have done it. The assassination wasn’t professionally done. By that I mean the leaders behind the plot didn’t go to great measures to ensure that Franz Ferdinand would die. They relied on the number of men they had enrolled to do the job. There were a lot of their men on the scene and many were not captured, being transparent in the luminous crowd. Perhaps they did not want to hurt their fellow Serbs for something such as a 20 metre range bomb would surely kill and harm a lot of innocent people. But never the less the prince was assassinated after fruitless attempts; He was assassinated by a young man called Gavrillo Princip who made no hesitation to kill the prince after spotting him across the road, his colleagues were obviously unsuccessful in the act and without a seconds thought Gavrillo ran out and fired two shots, killing the prince and his wife Sophie. Years after the war had ended Gavrillo Princip was questioned. At the end of the interview, they asked him if he knew what would have happened when he fired those shots, would he have done it? This proved that the Black Hands intentions were clean at heart even to the lowest members for he said â€Å"god hell no, Commend millions of people to death because of my own stupid judgement? Hell no†.

The Effects Of Tourism In Kenya

It has been brought to my attention that you have become concerned about the level of economic development in Kenya. To help solve this problem I have prepared a report in which I have come up with a solution to the problem. After thoroughly researching different methods to increase the economy, I have come to a conclusion that tourism is the best alternative to increase the wealth of Kenya. In my report I will be discussing if tourism should be encouraged in Kenya. I will be looking at the different options of tourism, including the tourist opportunities, the advantages and disadvantages and the people who will benefit from it and those that may be affected. I hope my report will be helpful and effective, please do not hesitate to contact me if u have any queries. Thank you. Neha Bharadia Facts Of Kenya * Kenya is located in Eastern Africa, it is found between Somalia and Tanzania. * The total area it covers is 582,650 kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. 13,400 kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of this area is water, which leaves 569,250 kmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ to be covered by land * The total population is 31, 138,738 – Excess mortality expected due to AIDS, this results in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. * The population growth rate is 1.15% * The highest point in Kenya is Mount Kenya which is 5,199m * The natural resources available are gold, limestone, soda ash, salt barites, rubies, fluorspar, garnets, wildlife and hydropower. * Land use (see chart 2): 7.03% – Arable land 0.91% – Permanent crops 92.06% – Other * Natural hazards that occur in Kenya are: reoccurring drought and flooding during rainy seasons. * The Languages spoken in Kenya are mainly English, Swahili and Kishwahli, however there are also many other various languages spoken. * The literacy rate of the entire population is 78.17%. 86.3% of all males are literate and 70% of all females are literate. * The climate varies from tropical along the coast to arid in the centre. Graphs Showing Climate in Nairobi Chart 1 Chart 3 Chart 2 Tourism in Kenya You can read also Classifications of Restaurants Most tourists are attracted to visiting Kenya because of the wildlife parks or the coastline of the Indian Ocean. People often go on holidays in Kenya, as it is something different from normal beach holidays in Europe, which prove to be very popular with tourists. Visitors to Kenya can go on various different types of safaris, as there are many different national parks and areas where wildlife can be seen. Kenya has a total of twenty-six National Parks and twenty-nine National Reserves. All of them occupy a total area of 44,359 sq. kilometres. They range from marine national parks, savannah-bush woodland national parks, mountain national parks, arid and semi-arid national parks, to lake ecosystem national parks/reserves. The ‘big five' can be seen in all the national parks, these are Elephants, Rhinoceros, Buffalos, Lions, and Leopards. These are the five animals people most look forward to seeing as there are become rare species and can only be seen in certain parts of the world. The marine parks are famous for their beautiful coral reefs, coral gardens, beaches and lagoons, brightly patterned coral fishes e.g. Angel fish, Parrot fish, Starfish, Sea urchins, lovely porcelain cowries, Green turtles, Octopus, Dugong and big game fish like Blue marlin, Sail fish, Giant fish, Giant grouper and Marko sharks. Kenya also accommodates the greatest crocodile colony in the world at Sibiloi National Park, and the world's largest number of flamingos at Lake Nakuru National Park. Tourists can also visit Bamburi; this is an old cement works, which has been made into an ecosystem. This transformation would have been successful without the money from tourism, and is now a tourist titration itself. Another popular place for tourists to visit is Mount Kenya, it stands as the highest point in Kenya, and tourists can visit while on safaris. Tourists also enjoy visiting the Masai tribes; they are a group of nomadic herders who move around Kenya to where the rainy season is. They like to perform shows for the tourists for which they receive money. There are also many outdoor activities that people can participate in such as; camel racing, mountaineering, golf safari and white water rafting. However despite the beautiful scenery and excitingly unusual experience tourism is rapidly dropping on Kenya (See graph below). This could be due to the fact that much of the Kenyan wildlife is being destroyed especially by tourists themselves. The Advantages of Tourism * Tourism brings in a lot Kenya's income, as chart 1 shows most of Kenya's income is through services. A big part of these services rely on tourists, this includes things such as hotels, restaurants, entertainment, gift shops as these as things that locals do not usually spend money on. * Many jobs are created for locals in hotels, restaurants and tourist attractions. Many people in Kenya are illiterate (21.83% as shown in the research above) so this gives them opportunities to earn good money without having to do a complicated job. * Tourism can help locals and people of Kenya to try and preserve the area so it will remain attractive to tourists. * Things such as airports, roads, and water and electricity supplies will be improved, this can also benefit the locals as well as the tourists. * Tourism can also mean that local tradition and culture will be preserved in order to keep tourists interested in something new. * Tour operators pay the Maasai tribes people to entertain the tourists, and plus they receive extra money from any tourists who are generous enough to give them tips. * Kenya has become famously known around the world, for its luscious scenery and its wide range of wildlife. * The main people that benefit from tourism are; the service providers and local staff (tour operators, hotel staff, shops selling souvenirs), and tourists themselves as they get to enjoy an excellent holiday. * Local people get some knowledge of other countries, traditions and cultures as people from many different countries visit Kenya (see chart 3). Most locals are not fortunate enough to travel to other countries, so tourism gives them an opportunity to learn about other people. *  The Disadvantages of Tourism * Tourists are a hazard to the natural environment. They cause harms such as footpath and soil erosion, pollution problems caused by litter, noise and waste in rivers and the sea, land is wasted to build road, hotel, airport and luxuries for tourists to enjoy. Tourists leave the country in a mess, which the locals then have to suffer for in the future. The beautiful and peaceful surroundings get ruined which can then cause potential tourism to be affected. * There are only certain seasons where tourists can visit, this is usually summer, and so for the rest of the year many locals are short on work or even out left with no work. The jobs are also of low status and poorly paid, as they are not very skilled jobs, many of the employees have to get more than one job to support their families. * In the national parks tourists demand to see the animals from a close view, this disturbs the animals. * A lot of the money brought in through tourism does not end up helping the country; only 15% of the money spent on a holiday reaches Kenya. * Land is use to build developments on which mean people like farmers, fishermen and small businesses can lose their land and therefore be left without work. * As Kenya is a LEDC it suffers more from tourism than MEDCs because they lack human expertise and money, which makes them less effective than MEDCs. * The local culture may not be preserved but forgotten if locals are more willing to favour towards western tourists than to keep their traditions. They will want to please tourists and change to suit their needs. * Tourists do not respect the traditions and values of the Kenyan people; they can be disrespectful towards the people and towards their beliefs. * The Maasai tribes people have been thrown off their land and only been given a small amount of space to herd their cattle and plant their crops. * The Maasai are also tricked b the tour operators into entertaining for a chap price, although they charge a lot more for tourists to visit them. * Clean water supplies are used up by tourists, leaving only a small amount for locals. * The main people that suffer from the affects of tourism are; locals who feel their authority is not respected by tourists, and the Maasai, who do not get compensated enough for tourists using their land A Solution The problems of tourism can, in some cases, be solved in a way that all people can benefit. The main solution would be to use ‘green tourism' in Kenya. This is where tourism is environmentally friendly. There are many ways of bringing eco-tourism about; these are some of the ways. * There will be a special path for safaris; only certain types of cars can travel on these. * Tourists will not be allowed to walk around the parks, even if they are accompanied. * Tourists must not get too close to the animals or disturb them in any way. * They must not litter or cause any type of pollution. * The Maasai must receive at least half the profit made from any tour operators, and must be paid for the land that it is being used by tourists. * Tourists must respect the traditions and laws of Kenya, this includes being proper dressed at all times and following the rules given to them. * Money made from tourism should go towards paying staff and developing the environment of the country. * Only small parts of the land should be used to development tourism. * The locals should be respected, this means still being able to have a good water supply and not being over-run by tourists. If these needs can be met by both the Kenyan government and the tourists, the tourism will not only help the country's economy but will also preserve the environment. By introducing this type of tourism in Kenya it will help everyone by the following ways. * The environment will be preserved; this will help in the sustainable development of tourism in the country. The animals will be kept safe and unharmed, as well as the greenery and other surroundings. * The locals will benefit because the country can be developed with the income of tourism. * Tourist will be able to enjoy their holiday, while still being able to secure the country for tourism in the future. * The Maasai will be able to get the kind of money they deserve. Conclusion Should tourism be encouraged in Kenya? After analysing many pieces of evidence, it is obvious that tourism plays a large active role in the country's economy. It brings in a lot of the money, however there are many problems concerning this. One of the biggest problems is that the country is getting damaged in the process; this stops the sustainable development of tourism. Another major problem is that tourism is only seasonal, which means that tourism cannot be relied on as the main source of income. Although it can bring in more than most industries and agriculture, it cannot always be successful. One other problem is that is concerning the government is that most of the money spent by foreigners on holidays to Kenya does not actually reach the country itself. However if introducing eco-tourism solves the problem of tourists damaging the environment then everyone can enjoy tourism. The other two problems cannot really be solved drastically, but Kenya can still benefit from tourism. I believe that although Kenya is a good resort for tourism, so it should be encouraged under the rules of ‘green tourism.' In spite of this it is still not consistent throughout the year, which mean Kenya also needs another major source of income. The Kenyan government should use the natural resources found on the land to their advantage, for example they could export the gold, rubies and other precious stones found in the country. This will guarantee them an income when the tourist season is not on.

Masculinity in Waiting for Godot

Abstract This paper aims to explore the theme of masculinity in Beckett's Waiting for Godot. The main objective of this paper is to identify the experiences of male characters through which they try to keep their masculinity alive in Beckett's play. It is quite clear that male characters are constantly dominant in the plot structure of the play without any female character. Beckett has politically highlighted masculinity in his play while making the women absent and through other different traits. Although, there are many male characters but the proper hegemonic masculinity is clearly presented by only one male character, Godot. Because, we find that people are waiting for Godot to help them and the depiction of Godot's physical appearance by boy also gives us the hint of Godot's hegemonic masculinity. We also find male characters who are submissive.So, we can say that masculinity is a dominant theme of this play. But there are different kinds of masculinity such as hegemonic masculinity, submissive masculinity, immature masculinity and beside all this lost of masculinity is also cut and clear in Beckett's Waiting for Godot.keywords: Masculinity, hegemonic, submissive, immature, physical appearance, Godot, lost. DISCUSSION Before starting an analysis of this topic, masculinity requires definition. According to OED, masculinity is defined as â€Å"having the quality of being masculine† and OED defines â€Å"masculine† as â€Å"having the qualities or appearance considered to be typical of men.† In the same book, the word â€Å"strong† is used for masculine and according to my point of view this word â€Å"strong† is suitable here for masculinity. Because, I want to explore masculinity in the sense of â€Å"power† as well as â€Å"strongness† in â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† All the characters of Beckett's play are male and they are having the quality of being masculine. So, in this context we can say that there is an obvious theme of masculinity in Beckett's â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† But when we try to analyse Beckett's male characters from the percpective of aforementioned word â€Å"strongness† then we find confusion. Because, we can say that all his characters in â€Å"Waiting for Godot† are masculine but we cannot say that all the male characters are powerful. So, here we find â€Å"masculinity† of this play divided into two traits which are â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† and â€Å"submissive or immature masculinity.† First of all, I would like to discuss â€Å"hegemonic masculinity† in this play while analysing different characters such as Godot and Pozzo in the play, who possess hegemonic masculinity. According to R.W. Connell's gender order theory, hegemonic masculinity is defined as practice that legitimizes men's dominant position in society. (Connell). Godot is a hegemonic masulinity in the play though it is a fact that Godot remains abscent throughout the play but still we can say that he is a powerful male being. As we see that the two characters Vladimir and Estragon constantly wait for the arrival of Godot as he is someone who would help them to come out of their difficulities. Estragon: Let's go.Vladimir: We cannot.Estragon: Why not?Vladimir: We are waiting for Godot. (Beckett, 66-68)These same dialogues are repeated by these two characters time and again. Their wait for Godot and the qualities of Godot gives us the hint of Godot's hegemonic masculinity.Estragon: What do we do now?Vladimir: Wait for Godot. (Beckett, 63) And this is their routine though they know that Godot doesn't come at the end but still they are bound to wait for him. It seems that they are unable to leave without meeting Godot. Estragon and Vladimir wait for Godot daily at a specific place but for the whole day and this thing gives us the sense to precieve Godot as an authoritative figure. Vladimir: Tied?Estragon:Ti-ed.Vladimir: How do you mean tied?Estragon:Down.Vladimir: But to whom. By whom?Estragon:To your man.Vladimir:To Godot? Tied to Godot? What an idea! No question of it. For the moment. (Beckett, 20-22)In Act 2, Beckett has given the description of Godot's physical appearance by the boy. Godot's physical appearance also shows his hegemonic masculinity as we are told that Godot is a character with white beard and this gives us the peculiar essence of an authoritative figure. Vladimir: Has he beard, Mr. Godot? Boy: Yes, sir.Vladimir: Fair or †¦(he hesitates)†¦ or black? Boy: I think it's white, sir. (Beckett, 92)Although, it is a fact that Godot does not arrive in the play and many critiques argued his abscene as a lost masculinity. Jeffers in his article † Lost Masculinity in Waiting for Godot and Endgame† claimed:†Godot's constant absence shows the impossibility of a return of the masculine authoritative tradition.† (Jeffers, 95-96)Although with this fact of Godot's constant absence, we cannot compeletly claim that Godot is not an authoritative figure and still this is a fact that Godot is a hegemonic masculinity.We have another character who tries to show his hegemonic masculinity and to some extent he is successful in presenting himself as a powerful figure. Pozzo is the master of Lucky, he is a landowner and the way he treats his slave shows his power. In this play, it is Pozzo who has things to eat and in the very first act he ate chicken and then threw its bone. When Estragon asked him to have that bone just to lick, Pozzo says that Estragon should ask it to Lucky because it is Lucky's right to have the bones of Pozzo. He is trying to impose himself as God and Pozzo tries to show his superiority in different ways, when lucky refused to have bones, he says:Pozzo: I don't like it. I've never known him refuse a bone before. (Beckett, 27)While talking with Estragon and Vladimir, Pozzo talks about his superiority and according to him he is â€Å"made in God's image†(23). At one place, Pozzo asked them if they want money from him. So, all these traits present him as a hegemonic masculinity or an authoritative figure, he shows a natural sense of authority and he considers everybody his subordinates.† As he comes on stage for the very first time, Pozzo exudes the natural sense of authority that puts all other characters on stage in a subordinate position to him.† (Wright, 18) But as the play moves on, we see Pozzo as a â€Å"blind† character in act 2. With this sudden blindness, he has the sense of authority as we see that even after his blindness he mal-treats Lucky as well as his language with Lucky. Pozzo's sudden blindness also gives us the hint of his immature masculinity.† Though emulating a Godot-like authority, Pozzo's masculinity ultimately fails to maintain a consistent hegemonic status because of the matrix of power that forces all within it beneath Godot in a hierarchy.† (Wright, 1-24) We cannot totally disagree with this statement because what Wright has said is truth. Although, Godot and Pozzo are shown as powerful figure but the unstable power of Godot appears with his constant absence and Pozzo's sudden blindness. I am not completely agreed with the aforementioned statement because even with their defects still they have the aura of authoritative figures which remain throughout the play.As in this part I am discussing hegemonic masculinity in Beckett's â€Å"Waiting for Godot.† So, I would also like to analyse Vladimir and Estragon's character in this context. It is clear that the other characters do not share the sense of proper hegemonic masculinity but still at some places we observe that Estragon and Vladimir control eachother just to get the sense of hegemonic masculinity. Vladimir is a male figure who tries to consolidate his hegemonic masculinity while controling Estragon whereas Estragon can only show his power over the boy. This mutual dependency and to control eachother is just to get the sense of hegemony which gives us to the sense of immature masculinity of the characters. As there is hegemonic masculinity in the play so we also find dominant theme of immature masculinity through different characters in this play. According to Oxford Dictionary dictionary, the word â€Å"immature† suggests â€Å"to behave in a way that is not sensible and is typical of people who are much younger†(Pg 761). Estragon and Vladimir's characters are best examples of this immature masculinity. Their constant wait for saviour in the shape of Godot shows their immature masculinity. Both these characters wait for Godot without any given reason and they do not give up even with Godot's constant absence from the stage. Their inaction and inability to do anything put a stuff to the immature masculinity that they are male or masculine and he is considered the symbol of power but these two characters are powerless and inactive.Vladimir: We are waiting for Godot.Estragon:Ah! what'll we do, what'll we do!Vladimir: There is nothing we can do. (Beckett, 68) They themselves are unable to do anything but they are in vain hope to get help from Godot. Side by side this vain hope for saviour, they are mutually dependent on eachother and they could leave or live alone. Even, these characters themselves do not know why don't they live without eachother. It is their weird attitude which makes them insensible. In the first act, Vladimir says Estragon that he could not defend himself that's why he does not live away from him.Estragon: You see, you feel worse when i'm with you. I feel better alone, too.Vladimir :Then why do you always come crawling back? Estragon: I do not know.According to Wright in his article â€Å"Gender and Power in Waiting for Godot†:†Each character is unable to maintain a dominant power-position, masculinity throughout this play is atrophied and impotent— and thus each character's position within a larger framework of gender and power is consistently unstable.† (Ryan Wright,1-24) To some extent, he is quite right in his statement because the unstable and immature masculinity of some characters is quite clear. Estragon and Vladimir have submissive masculinity with insensibility. One of the critic argued:† As two main characters like Vladimir and Estragon useful purpose in their lives and their conversation to each other is purposeless and their conversation have no positive meaning.† (Bari, Mansoor, Alia, 312-315) Estragon is a male figure who is more submissive than that of Vladimir because it is Estragon who picks up the chicken ones to lick which are thrown by Pozzo and he is even ready to take money from pozzo. Whereas, Vladimir is also submissive as we see that he submits his masculinity infront of Godot's character and remains inactive throughout the play. Their weird attitudes and absurd discussion show their immaturity in the play. Even the boy who was sent by Godot was also submissive in front of Estragon and Vladimir. Lucky is also a clear example of submissive character. When Estragon asked about Lucky's not putting the bag down, Pozzo said:† Has he not the right to? Certainly he has. It follows that he doesn't want to. There is reasoning for you.† (Beckett, 31) The element of homosexuality in the play also throws an ample light on the submissiveness of characters. We can precieve Vladimir as a male character while on the other hand Estragon as an effiminate character. Their relationship seems to be the relationship of husband, wife. Both these characters are almost submissive and dependent on eacother.Immature masculinity at once becomes very clear when both Estragon and Vladimir start playing like children. At one place, Vladimir suggests Estragon to mimic Pozzo and Lucky and all these habits are quite childish of younger persons. The sudden defects of characters show the immaturity of male figures, as Pozzo was blind in second act and Lucky was dumb without any provided reason. The absurd way both the characters talk to eachother as well as we observe throughout the play that Estragon and Vladimir are in the habbit of forgetting things. This habit is more clear in Estragon's character, the uncertainity and delibrate forgetfullness. It seems that Estragon himself doesn't want to remember things as Estragon says time and again † I don't Know†(66).There is some sort of paradox in this play as well. Man who is considered to be a powerful and strong figure, here we see him as a fearful, afraid and coward being. Both Estragon and Vladimir could not live alone without eachother. They are so afraid of living alone that they could not live even they want to. Neither of them actually wishing to be apart from eachother. They are men but they are behaving like little chickenhearted children. Even there are dialogues which give us hint that they try to drift apart but they are actually unable to do so. Vladimir :I am glad to see you back. I thought you were gone forever.Estragon :Me too. (Beckett)Masculinity is also present in the shape of violence and this is the isolation that whenever one tries to go near somebody else, he is violently treated by the other. And this thing is quite clear where Lucky hits Estragon. When Estragon goes near Lucky, it is Lucky who violently push him away.† Here Estragon approaches Lucky and makes to wipe his eyes. Lucky kicks him violently in the shins. Estragon drops the handkerchief, recoils, staggers about the stage howling with pain.† (Beckett) We can associate this submissive masculinity with the life of Beckett. Beckett was an Anglo-Irish and the people had to submit their masculinity infront of the British. Jennifer M. Jeffers wrote in â€Å"Traumatized Masculinity and Beckett's Return† that:†The Ireland that Beckett knew as a boy had vanished and the only return possible was through his writing.† (Jeffers, 10)In this play, Beckett's main male characters are submissive and inactive and the reason behind this is the history which Beckett has tried to present in his play. As the masculine figures of Ireland had to submit their masculinity in the hands of the British. And it was the lost masculinity in Ireland, Beckett who was an Anglo-Irish, presented this hegemonic masculinity, lost masculinity and submissive masculinity in his play â€Å"Waiting for Godot.†Ã¢â‚¬ My argument from chapter to chapter is that Beckett texts are grounded in his personal experience of what was literally erased from â€Å"official† historical record.† (Jeffers, 1-10) Through these arguments it is clear that Beckett has presented different types of masculinity in this play while presenting six male characters without any female character.Many feminist critiques argued that there is politics of beckett behind not presenting female characters. Masculinity is so strong in his play that he even didn't use the word of woman or female for a single time.Conclusion:So, we can say that masculinity is the dominant theme of this play with only male characters. Thus, the aforementioned arguments clearly show us that masculinity is present but in different traits as hegemonic masculinity, submissive masculinity, immature masulinity, lost of masculinity as well as homosexuality in masculinity and all these types of masculinities are shown by six male characters who are in relationship with eachother in different ways. It can be also said that Beckett had tried to present history of Anglo-Irish males who were dominated by the British during colonization.† Beckett's waiting for Godot stage Western masculinity in order to enact the failure of Western patriarchy.† (Jeffers,9). Work CitationBeckett, Samuel. (1956). Waiting for Godot. faber and faber limited. Pp: 9-94.Jeffers, Jennifer M. (2009).â€Å"Traumatized Masculinity and Beckett's Return.† Beckett's Masculinity. St. Martin's Press LLC, New York. Pp: 9-37.Wright, Ryan. (2016).â€Å"Gender and Power in Waiting for Godot.† The Oswald Review: An International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Criticism in the Discipline of English. vol. 18: iss. 1, Article. 3. Pp: 5-28.Khan, Abdul Bari, Hafiza Sana Mansoor,; Huma Alia. (2015).â€Å"The Impact of Absurdism in Waiting for Godot.† International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Modern Education. vol. 1, iss 2. Pp: 312-315.Jeffers, Jennifer M. (2009).â€Å"Embodying Lost Masculinity in Waiting for Godot.† Beckett's Masculinity. St. Martin's Press LLC, New York. Pp: 95-118.Hancock, Mark, Michael Ashby. (2015).Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ed. 9. Pp: 1-930.Beckett, Samuel. (1982). Waiting for Godot. Grove Press, New York. print.

Creditor's right and bankruptcy Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Creditor's right and bankruptcy - Term Paper Example But creditors have certain rights in bankruptcy claims. This paper briefly analyses creditor’s claims in bankruptcy cases. Business is not the right profession for all the people. Many people failed to prosper in business because of their inability in managing the business successfully. In some cases, unexpected business climate changes can destroy the backbone of the business people. For example, the recent financial crisis came quiet unexpectedly and even prominent business groups struggled for the survival. In short, business can be a risky act at times because of so many reasons and the entrepreneurs may fall in a state of bankruptcy. Bankruptcy is the legally declared inability of an individual or organization to pay its creditors. The outstanding debts might be too much for the person or the organization to pay at once and the court or judge will determine the payment schedule based on the type of bankruptcy filed by the entrepreneur or the organization. When a business enters the bankruptcy state, it means either the business is closed or the the business will continue to operate with reduced payments to debtors. This paper briefly analyses the creditor’s right and bankruptcy in a legal environment. Creditor is a party (a person or organization) which provided certain money, property or services to another similar party (Debtor). In other words, a debtor is a borrower from the creditor. Debtors normally file bankruptcy suits in order to prevent the creditors from collecting the debts immediately. A bankruptcy suit prevents a creditor from taking any action against the debtor till the court take any decisions on the case. However, creditors have certain rights even after the debtor files the bankruptcy case as the debtor might have signed some legal contracts with the creditor before the actual deal was taken place. Some debtors file bankruptcy cases even

Application Case 3-1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Application Case 3-1 - Assignment Example sexual harassment cases have been formally indicated, investigated and confirmed, an employee should be terminated; then, the same action should be applied to the president, as well. The handling of sexual harassment cases is considered complicated due to the following reasons: (1) due to its sensitive nature, there are almost always no witnesses; (2) the cases should be handled on a case-to-case basis; (3) reporting the incident was considered fact-specific, subjective, and takes into account the credibility of both the accuser and the accused; and (4) evolving behavioral changes with regards to accepting some patterns of behavior differ through time (Pfeiffer & Henneman, p. 90). Consistency in handling sexual harassment claims is important because there could be legal sanctions and cases filed for discrimination if employers would treat their employees differently in situations where sexual harassment complaints are made. As such, based on company policies or codes of discipline and ethical behavior, organizations should clearly and explicitly stipulate instances that render the behavior as veering towards sexual harassment (irrespective of race, gender, age, length of service, position in the company, and other factors noted in the Equal Employment Opportunities

Should Smoking Be Banned in Outdoor Public Parks Research Paper

Should Smoking Be Banned in Outdoor Public Parks - Research Paper Example Allowing smokers to smoke their cigar in public places will expose non-smokers to health problems. Tobacco smoking causes diseases such as lung cancer, respiratory problems among others (Chapman 162). It is unkind to expose an innocent victim to these health problems, yet the victim is not a member of the smoking club. Smokers may not see anything wrong with smoking in these public places, but it would an abuse of the rights of the non-smokers. Smoking in public places forces non-smokers to breathe the tobacco smoke. This habit irritates many people. Smokers should realize that many people suffer from various chronic conditions such as bronchitis, asthma among others. These conditions are sensitive to tobacco smoke thereby worsening their conditions. Public smoker creates a public nuisance because the smoke generated from his habit interferes with the normal activities of third parties. When an individual creates a public havoc, he is not different from a public smoker who directs his smoke to uninterested parties. Public smoking exposes young children to bad habits in the society. Children are not enlightened about the dangers of smoking. It is evident that children learn from what they see in the environment. When society allows people to smoke in public places, children will learn this habit. In addition, children are not able to distinguish between what the society perceive as bad or good. This calls for caution because the future depends on the present. The society must be able to teach children its values and their importance. Public places such as beaches, playgrounds attract many people. Young children are tempted to collect cigarette butts as some of their playing items in such places. This is very dangerous because it exposes the child to various microbes, which cause diseases. The mind of the child is different from the mind of an adult. Concerning this fact, the society must advocate for the safety of the children. No one can claim to be advocating  for children welfare when smokers loosely smoke in public places.