Biology

Essay on Infancy and Early Childhood Development - 1654 Words

Infancy and Early Childhood Development PSY/375 March 14, 2011 Kris Scott-Graves Infancy and Early Childhood Development Infancy and early childhood are referred to as those immature years of life and the stage at which most of a child’s development occurs. To strengthen the development of a child’s learning one must understand the physical and mental factors that affect a child’s development through observation and interaction. Development begins during the prenatal period on up to the early years and depends on the nutritional, medical, emotional, and intellectual support of parents, family members, caregivers, and teachers (Cherry, 2011). Parenting styles also play a role in what influences development as well as early childhood†¦show more content†¦This study of parenting and its effects on children displayed many aspects of parenting such as strategies of discipline, parental nurturance, styles of communication, and one’s level maturity and control. Observation from such dimensions created what is known as the four styles of parenting. Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parenting was a style of parenting that expected children to follow the rules and obey. Good behavior was rewarded; whereas, bad behavior was punished. This style of parenting felt as though they needed to give no reason other than â€Å"they said so.† Communication between parent and child was minimal with no response to child. Children who grew up from this type of parenting ranked lower in happiness, social competence, and self-esteem. Children are not allowed to make their own choices and given limited freedom. Authoritative Parenting Authoritative parenting is similar to that of authoritarian in terms of establishing rules and guidelines to follow, but much more democratic. However, this style of parenting is more responsive to their children. Though standards are set high there is room for decision-making. Parents are more willing to listen to their children and be more supportive rather than punitive. This style of parenting tends to result in happier children. These children tend to achieve higher grades in school, and have less social problems. Authoritative parenting helps children developShow MoreRelatedInfancy and Early Childhood Development1399 Words   |  6 PagesInfancy and Early Childhood Development Cynthia Miranda PSY 375 July 2, 2012 Dr. Aneta Bhojwani Infancy and Early Childhood Development Every human being begins developing in one way or another, from the moment they come into this world. Development and all its aspects begin in infancy and continue throughout one’s entire lifetime. It is a common belief that infants and young children are influenced by the environment that surrounds them. Cognitive and social aspects of developmentRead MoreDevelopment Of Infancy And Early Childhood1385 Words   |  6 PagesJessica Wilson Development in Infancy and Early Childhood Throughout the course of the human lifespan, the period of most rapid development extends through infancy and early childhood. The early stages of development that occur during this time set the stage upon which further and more specific aspects of development will occur. There are many different external and internal components which influence and guide development during this time. These components include the individual’s family, includingRead MoreInfancy and Early Childhood Development Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesInfancy and Early Childhood Development Samantha Trudeau PSY/375 June 27, 2011 Heather Harrison Infancy and Early Childhood Development An infant’s brain is something quite similar to a blank video tape. During infancy the child records everything he or she sees and hears. The things that are recorded are stored for later use in life. The way that people behave with the infant as an individual and a family greatly impacts the development of the infant. It is for this reason that itRead MoreInfancy and Early Childhood1150 Words   |  5 PagesInfancy and Early Childhood Development Paper Beverly Mahone PSY/375 July 11, 2011 Andrew Rodriguez Infancy and Early Childhood Development Paper The immature years of life and the stage in which the most development occurs in a child are referred to as infancy and early childhood. In this paper the subject will explain development during infancy and early childhood, explain how families affect the development of infants and young children, evaluate different parenting styles andRead MoreThe Formation Of Secure Attachments With The Primary Caregiver1616 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment from infancy to childhood). Yet, attachments, in this case insecure ones, are not the only reason as to why we develop into the individuals we are. There are other causes that are unrelated to attachment that explain our later development. In this discussion, the primary caregiver will be the mother. Attachment is considered vital for later life in terms of social development. Evidence for this was provided by Waters et al. (1979); children who were securely attached in their infancy years wereRead MoreChildhood Development Essay946 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood begins a new era of development, one that is filled with exploration and a new understanding of the world. Children are finally beginning to understand aspects of their environment that they were unable to comprehend during infancy. While development during childhood occurs less rapidly than that which is experienced during infancy, there are still many major changes that children go through during this time. During childhood, children experience physical and cognitive growth, create newRead MoreThe Birth Weight Of A Newborn1261 Words   |  6 PagesFrom the moment a newborn is birthed into the world they begin their physical development at a larger rate tha n any other period of their life. The first year of life is full of rapid physical growth in all aspects such as weight, height, limb lengths and even the physical growth of internal organs. On average, the birth weight of a newborn will double by the time they reach six months old and triple at the end of their first year of life. While weight is steadily increasing there is also an expansionRead MorePlay Time : A Child s Work1135 Words   |  5 Pagesyoung child’s development in early childhood. Play is a child’s work, it is how they begin to learn and grow intellectually, socially, and emotionally at a young age. In addition, play-time also helps introduce and initiate proper motor skills and cognitive thinking. Play-time involving mother and child is equally important because it is helping build the connection between parent and child. Without play-time, a child can be deprived of the most important aspect of his/her childhood and may grow upRead MoreThe Impact Of Sensory Processing Disorder On Development And Development1500 Words   |  6 Pagesdivided into eight different developmental periods. This essay will focus on the early childhood period that ranges from two to five or six years of age. Firstly, this essay will describe the typical developmental milestones during early childhood and how they play an important role in each developmental stage that follows. Secondly, it will analyse how the home and educational environments influence early childhood. Finally, it will define Auditory Processing Disorder and the characteristics ofRead More7 Stages of Development1002 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Assignment 2: Human Development There are seven stages a human moves through during his or her life span. These stages include infancy, early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle adulthood and old age. Infancy is recognized as the stage of life from a human s birth up until he or she learns how to speak: generally until the age of one or two. During this stage, the child transitions from a dependent toddler to a relatively active child; he or she is typically

Should Internet Have A Tax Essay Example For Students

Should Internet Have A Tax? Essay In 1998, retailers sold nearly $8 billion goods and services to consumers over the Internet, or on-line, while business to business online commerce was valued at an estimated $17 billion. Business weekly magazine (June 22, 1998) predicted that Internet commerce would increase the U.S. gross domestic product (GPD) by between $10 billion and $20 billion annually by 2002. They argue that imposing new Internet taxes, at least during the next few years, would bog down the Internets growth and stunt a sector of the economy that is currently flourishing. For now industry leaders say it is important to build consumer confidence in the Internet by refraining from imposing taxes or other regulatory barriers that may deter people from shopping on line. Internet retailers must charge a sales tax only if the company has some kind of physical presence, such as a warehouse or an office, in the state where the customer is buying the item. Otherwise, companies do not have to add the sales tax to the purchase price. In 1997, Sen. Ron Wyden introduced the legislation that developed into the Internet Tax Freedom Act. The ITFA called for a moratorium of approximately six years on the taxation of Internet transactions, access, or communications. Wyden called the moratorium a time out period that would give the Internet the opportunity to continue to grow. The goal of the legislation was to give lawmakers and Internet industry time to figure out a national taxation policy. Many businesses, he says, would be scared away from the Internet if they were burdened with the responsibility of monitoring and enforcing a thicket of conflicting sales taxes imposed by various states and municipalities.Indeed the potential loss of tax revenue for states and municipalities is one of the biggest concerns. Unlike the federal government, which does not impose a sales tax, states are heavily dependent on sales taxes to raise revenues. Sales taxes comprise 49% of tax revenues collected by the states, while state income taxes comprise only 33%, according to the federal statistics. Critics of the ITFA say that if states municipalities are not permitted to collect taxes on Internet transactions, they could lose much needed revenue that helps pay for government services such as highway construction and public education. Others say that not collecting sales tax from the Internet is inherently discriminatory since businesses that do not engage in electronic commerce must still charge sales taxes. It is fundamentally unfair that Main Street retailers should be required to collect a sales tax while Internet and mail order vendors can sell the same goods and not be required to collect a sales tax, argues Utah Gov. Michael Leavitt. Once consumers and businesses become accustomed to tax-free shopping on the Internet, there may be a backlash against attempts to impose sales taxes when the moratorium ends. Government should impose a tax on all items sold over the Internet. The simplest and easiest to implement, would be a flat rate that applies to all states. I think that if there is no tax collected from these sales, each state will start to suffer from lose of revenue that helps pay for some of lifes necessities such as roads, education, and law enforcement. I think that Congress knew that there was a problem and by putting a moratorium, it would give them time to come up with some ideas. But by the time they come up with ideas it will be to late. If they do enforce a tax on Internet sales, people will either pay it or start going back to Main Street businesses, then we have a problem because Internet will no longer have the same sale volume. If they do not enforce a tax, I think that the Main Street businesses will either shut their doors or go to the Internet for their sales. In the latter event they will probably still shut their doors and move to an office building. Why have a huge store that they no longer need when they can run everything from a computer. .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .postImageUrl , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:hover , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:visited , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:active { border:0!important; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:active , .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3 .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u41fab4e8818473a00013b66843bcdac3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Cyber-Crime is a Serious Problem Essay I think government should put a tax on Internet sales. BibliographyReferencesCoy, Peter. You Aint Seen Nothin Yet. Business Week (June 22, 1998) p. 130 Denver Post. Then Internet Tax Dodge. (March 2, 1998) p. B6Gleckman, Howard. The Tax Man Eyes the Net. Business Week (April 6, 1998) p. 131Gruenwald, Juliana. Moratorium on Internet Taxes Advanced by House Pannels. Congressional Quarterly Weekly (October 11, 1997) p. 2475Hof, Robert; McWilliams, Gary; Saveri, Gabrielle. The Click Here Economy. Business Week (June 22, 1998) p. 122Social Issues

Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Thinking is the capability to manipulate words and images. It requires understanding, recalling, processing information as well as the ability to communicate. According to cognitive psychology, mind is involved in perceptions organization, processing information as well as interpreting experiences. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking, Language, and Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, development of concept help one to simplify thing through grouping together the available information of events, ideas, objects, persons among other which have commonalities. As a result this enables priming of other networked information when one concept is activated. When one event comes in mind there is connection of other related event. For example, when one thinks of golf, other related games like tennis prime out. When a problem arises, either through image or words, one tries to figure out possible solut ions and test them out to see how they would work out. Success in solving them enable one’s life to go on but failure makes one to return to selection of solution models for new ideas. The strategies used in solving problems include; trial and error, algorithm (involving solving problem step by step), Heuristic (the mental shortcuts in solving problems) and insight (where a solution click out of mind automatically) (Myers, 2004). Language on the other hand entails a formal system of communication in either written, spoken or in gesture form. Spoken language has distinguished elements, which include; phoneme- which are basic sounds; Morphemes- the smallest unit which have meaning; and phrases- which entails the combined morpheme to bring out clear meaning. The acquisition of language begins out as a simple way and progress to complexity. This begins from birth as the child learns distinguishing sounds in speeches, start producing sound through imitation, sound becomes clear words which the child deduce its meaning. One factor that makes individuals to be able to learn language is the fact that the brain has the capacity to change the neural networks on bases of experiences, for instance exposing a child to a particular language will make its brain to change the neural network and conform to the structure of that language. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, if the child is exposed to another different language in early age, he is able to learn it better than at older age. For example, at my childhood, my parents were settled on a different tribe location from our own tribal land, I had no trouble speaking and understanding the â€Å"foreign† language. However, we moved to our local home and with no time I had learn clearly our language and gradually forgotten the other (Greenspan Shanker 2004). Intelligence is the ability to learn from ex perience, use the knowledge as well as solve the problems. Intelligence gives one a capability to hold two different ideas in mind at one time and still remain functional. Intelligence is an inheritance aspect and it is based on; speed in reacting to signals, muscular strength, ability to detect tiny differences and size of the head. Intelligence can be achieved on multiple basis where one become good in many areas such as ; academic, games, social situation as well as ability to posses emotional intelligence (by regulating emotions, ability to perceive, understanding and expressing). Intelligence have much influence to brain functioning as more intelligence people have the ability to process information quickly, as well as process perceptual information faster. During problem solving some factor within an individual do interfere with the process. Confirmation bias for instance affect the solving problem process through seeking information to confirm ones ideas. Through confirmatio n bias, the individual involved assumes that the evidence verifies his hypothesis while they may have a positive indicator that is nevertheless false. Fixation contributes to ineffective problem solving as it makes an individual to lack an ability of seeing the problem in a different perspective. As a result one uses a solution that once worked on to a problem that requires another solution to be solved. Overconfidence brings an underestimation of a problem that might be requiring intensive solution strategies which hinders proper approach to that problem. Heuristics on the other hand estimates the likelihood of a problem being easy hence producing quick answers which are often in error form. For example, when sitting for an exam paper well studied, overconfidence makes the student to tackle the question from a different angle from which the examiner intends with no awareness (Greenspan Shanker, 2004). Despite the argument that language unfolds because of child’s imitation , association and reinforcement from the older people, language is an inborn quality. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Thinking, Language, and Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A child is able to create its own language through combination of the sound they hear and what they see, with their innate sense of language. This is because as the child grows up, he imitates sounds the he hear without understanding their meaning. However, as it grew up, child associate these sounds by the action accompanying them and from this it is able to make sense of its own sound. In addition if a group of children are raised in an isolated area without presence of adult, the will make their own language from their innate sense of language and be able to communicate. For example, deaf children are able to use their own language in gesture form which agrees with the grammar rule and communicate well with other people. W as their language taught? (Castaneda,1989). According to Bobo Doll video, one’s perception concerning how women respond to sexual behaviors is distorted by viewing of pornography. Men who are exposed to violence pornography are violence towards women. In addition, exposure to aggressive views damages ones self-control ability, thus instilling aggressiveness in ones traits. Watching aggressive programmes on the television may result to aggressive behavior in a child despite that they on the other side teach positive lessons. The more violence child’s programmes in TV are, the more aggressive the child will likely become. This is because viewing violence programmes triggers violence behavior in a child. On the other hand, constrictive video games contribute to stimulation and arousal of positive feelings, behavior, and perceptions with reduction of prosaically behaviors. On the other hand, Myers (2004) quotes that â€Å"project zero bring out the relationship of the de velopment of human beings in arts through enhancing thinking ,learning, and creativity, together with humanistic and scientific disciplines both at individual and institutional levels.† In this project, forms of arts contribute to vital means of learning, with inclusion of other disciplines’ learning models. Integration of intelligence forms into authentic art learning have contributes to reduction of complexity in artistic. Art have in addition been connected to cognitive skills, which boosts powerful imagination, critical thinking and analytical perspective. In addition, this integrated learning enhances problem identification and problem-solving skills. The creative aspect found in the art as well as the cognitive skills involved in critical thinking shows that every juncture of art brings about a developmental progression in an individual (Castaneda, 1989) Reference List Castaneda, H.N. (1989). Thinking, language, and experience. St. Louis: U of Minnesta Press.Adve rtising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Greenspan, S. Shanker, S. (2004). The first idea: how symbols, language, and intelligence evolved from our early primate ancestors to modern humans. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. Myers, D.G. (2004). Exploring psychology. NY: Worth Publishers. This essay on Thinking, Language, and Intelligence was written and submitted by user Jonathan Ortega to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Unemployment in California

Unemployment in California Unemployment in California As a result of the current increase in the unemployment rate in California, this paper will discuss an article by Semuels (2011) on â€Å"California unemployment rate hits 12.1% as employers slash jobs† posted on the Los Angeles Times on September 17, 2011.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction On August this year, California’s employers slashed some jobs resulting to an increase in the unemployment rate by 0.1% to 12.1%; the job loss was due to uncertainty arising from the economy recovery leading to reduction of payrolls by 8,400 (Semuels, 2011). The increase in unemployment rate has raised some signs of worries in the labor market in California, but the situation is turning around since this year alone the California’s jobs increased by 98,500 (Semuels, 2011). The unemployment rate increased due to va rious reasons such as uncertainty arising from the slow growth in the economy, current slide in the stock market and the debt crisis from the European region, which spooked the employers; as a result employment was delayed awaiting the restoration of the market confidence. The unemployment was also triggered by differences in Washington on how to sustain the economy; this was evident as state and local agencies cut positions in order to reduce costs and in the process 3,600 positions were lost by the government in California (Semuels, 2011). In the USA, Nevada has the highest unemployment rate followed by California and the chronic unemployment has affected many families in California because the families’ income is currently less than federal’s poverty level of 16.3%, an increase of 1% compared to year 2010. Therefore, approximately 2.2 million young people in California live in such families where children have a higher chance of not going to college compared to chil dren from richer families. These less fortunate families are likely to have poor health and they may also engage in illegal activities (Semuels, 2011). In order to reduce the unemployment Obama sanctioned work-sharing plan that was implemented in Europe in the attempts to avoid layoffs by distributing the pain amongst the co-workers, and also contentious bridge-to-work plan, which will provide temporary work or training to individuals relying on unemployment benefits thus putting them on a pathway to regular jobs (Semuels, 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Obama also suggested part of the stimulus bill worth $447,000 million be used as tax credit of $4,000 employers. The Obama’s main objective was to rescue individuals relying on funds from unemployment insurance considering the real economic situations given that about 6 million employees in the US ( approximately 43%) of unemployed individuals have so far survived without work for at least six months (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011; Lee and Puzzanghera, 2011). As a result many employees have been discouraged and have withdrawn from the labor market altogether; if they remain unemployed for a long time this will mean that they will suffer the results of permanent unemployment which would drastically cut their income levels. This is a severe problem in US since it implies that the country will be less productive making it harder for the nation to make payments to Medicare, infrastructures and defense that affects everybody. Therefore, it is completely evident that the huge amount of resources pumped towards alleviating unemployment is a massive waste (Lee and Puzzanghera, 2011). In conclusion, the US must spend money in capital investments so as to create more jobs for its people thus reducing the rate of unemployment and hence increasing productivity which will eventually incr ease services and goods available for consumption thereby enabling investments and exports. References Bureau of Labor Statistics (2011). Regional and State employment and unemployment – August 2011. Retrieved from https://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/laus.pdf Lee, D. and Puzzanghera, J. (2011, September 9). Obama suggests changing unemployment system. Los Angeles Times, p.1. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/ Semuels, A. (2011, September 17). California unemployment rate hits 12.1% as employers slash jobs. Los Angeles Times, p.1. Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/business/la-xpm-2011-sep-17-la-fi-california-jobs-20110917-story.htmlAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment in California specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

The Ancient History of Abortion and When it Began

The Ancient History of Abortion and When it Began Abortion is often presented as if it were new, cutting-edge, scientifica product of the modern erawhen it is, in fact, as old as recorded history. Earliest Known Description of Abortion The earliest known description of abortion comes from the Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1550 BCE), an ancient Egyptian medical text drawn, ostensibly, from records dating as far back as the third millennium BCE. The Ebers Papyrus suggests that an abortion can be induced with the use of a plant-fiber tampon coated with a compound that included honey and crushed dates. Later herbal abortifacients included the long-extinct silphium, the most prized medicinal plant of the ancient world, and pennyroyal, which is still sometimes used to induce abortions (but not safely, as it is highly toxic). In Aristophanes Lysistrata, Calonice refers to a young woman as well-cropped, and trimmed, and spruced with pennyroyal.Abortion is never explicitly mentioned in the Bible, but we know that the ancient Egyptians, Persians, and Romans, among others, would have practiced it during their respective eras. The absence of any discussion of abortion in the Bible is conspicuous, and later authorities attempted to close the gap. The Babylonian Talmud (Niddah 23a) suggests a Jewish response, by a Rabbi Meir, that would have been consistent with contemporaneous secular sources permitting abortion during early pregnancy: [A woman] can only abort something in the shape of a stone, and that can only be described as a lump. Chapter two of an early Christian text prohibits all abortion  but does so only within the context of a longer passage that also condemns theft, covetousness, perjury, hypocrisy, and pride. Abortion is never mentioned in the Quran, and later Muslim scholars hold a range of views regarding the morality of the practicesome holding that it is always unacceptable, others holding that it is acceptable up to the 16th week of pregnancy. Earliest Legal Ban on Abortion The earliest legal ban on abortion dates from the 11th-century BCE Code of Assura  and imposes the death penalty on married women who procure abortions without the permission of their husbands. We know that some regions of ancient Greece also had some sort of ban on abortion, because there are fragments of speeches from the ancient Greek lawyer-orator Lysias (445-380 BCE) in which he defends a woman accused of having an abortion. But, much like the Code of Assura, it may have only applied in cases where the husband had not granted permission for the pregnancy to be terminated. The Hippocratic Oath forbade physicians from inducing elective abortions (requiring that physicians vow not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion), but Aristotle held that abortion was ethical if performed during the first trimester of pregnancy, writing in the Historia Animalium that there is a distinctive change that takes place early in the second trimester: About this period (the ninetieth day) the embryo begins to resolve into distinct parts, it having hitherto consisted of a fleshlike substance without distinction of parts. What is called effluxion is a destruction of the embryo within the first week, while abortion occurs up to the fortieth day; and the greater number of such embryos as perish do so within the space of these forty days. As far as we know, surgical abortion was not common until the end of the 19th century and would have been reckless prior to the invention of the Hegar dilator in 1879, which made dilation-and-curettage (DC) possible. But pharmaceutically-induced abortions, different in function and similar in effect, were extremely common in the ancient world.

Zero Carbon Homes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Zero Carbon Homes - Essay Example Through the use of renewable energy systems, engineers, contractors and architects can easily offset or lessen the emission of carbon. In the process of continuously promoting energy efficiency in buildings and local houses, engineers, contractors and architects will be able to protect the environment from the harmful effects of carbon emission (gov.uk, 2012). Now-a-days, low carbon technologies such as the use of heat pumps, photovoltaic arrays, bioenergy systems, and thermal insulation are currently available in the market. Despite the different kinds of low carbon technologies, only the use of photovoltaic arrays technology will be highlighted throughout the paper discussion. In response to the development of green building, ways on how photovoltaic arrays technology can be use in the construction of green buildings and houses will be examined and analyzed. After providing a clear description of photovoltaic arrays technology, its value in terms of providing solution to climate change and ways on how to create more photovoltaic arrays technology innovation will be tackled in details. Prior to conclusion, various assessment techniques and regulations such as the Feed-in-Tariff and Photovoltaic arrays technology produces electricity coming from the sun. Often times, photovoltaic arrays are placed on the roofs of buildings and houses. Other than the sloping angle and the location where the photovoltaic cells are placed, the efficiency of this particular renewable energy sources is highly dependent on the size and type of cell used (i.e. facing East or South, sloping angle at 30o, etc.) (Noguchi, 2013). In case of a full sunlight, photovoltaic cells can produce up to 1,250 to 1,300 watts of electricity (Eiffert and Kiss, 2003). As a common knowledge, silicon is a semi-conductor material that is capable of creating

The Purpose of Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Purpose of Religion - Essay Example It is hard to find out the essence of the religion, but it is rather interesting to make an attempt to interpret its meaning and purpose for people. Further discussion is limited by terms of Abrahamic religions and Dharma religions. But before we start our discussion, it is interesting to discuss the role and purpose of religion as a universal phenomenon. For the majority of people, religion was invented for intimidation of people, their self-organization. Basically, religion is a limiting factor of our lives. Still, an initial intention of religion should not be sought in its purpose to oppress people, because the core issue of religion is enlightenment and steering people onto the right path. Therefore, it is better to consider the purpose of religion from a more humane perspective. Religion facilitates our physical pain and spiritual wanderings; our grief and sorrow are diminished once we appeal for God. Moreover, we often go to church looking for redemption. Our daily blames and faults are facilitated in church or even when we appeal for God inside of us. When we think that God has forgiven our faults us, we feel much better. What is even more interesting is that through redemption we transform our faults and sins in our strengths. Thus, the purpose of religion is to assist us in our lives, to help and save our souls from grief and sorrow. Religion makes our lives better for sure. It is necessary not to look for its essence, but just believe in God and salvation. Abrahamic vs Dharmic religions Still, why do not all people believe in one God? Or maybe we believe in one God, but it has different appearances? The emergence of different religions is the reflection of the na tions’ peculiarities. Every nation wants to believe in the most appropriate spiritual power for them. People look for a spiritual contact between God and an individual in the religion. Thus, it is necessary to take into account individual’s peculiarities before creating the most ideal God for oneself. A split of religion into Abrahamic religions (Christianity, Islam and Judaism) and Dharmic religions (Buddhism, Hindu) is the reflection of historical worldview of Western and Eastern people (Rue, 2005).  Ã‚   These religions are united by faith in one God. For Christians, it is Jesus Christ, for Judaists, Abraham is One God, for Islamists, Muhammad is a prophet who is the messenger of God’s counsel.  Ã‚  There are three different Holy Books, these religions are followed: Bible for Christians, Torah for Judaists and Quran for Islamists. In contrast to Abrahamic religions, Buddhism and modern Hinduism are both post-Vedic religions (Rue, 2005). Gautama Buddha is the central Divine in Hinduism and Buddhism. There are constant arguing between Hindus and Buddhists. The latter underline that during the time of Buddha there was no such thing as Hinduism; the former do not intend to separate Hinduism from Buddhism.  Ã‚  The main intention for Buddhist and Hindus is to find out an internal harmony, to establish inner peaceful relation between a body and a soul. This religions propagate a self-breeding, a self-perfection: "We are the causes of our own suffering"; "Think about your life" etc (Rue 2005, p. 43). As far as we can see, the main emphasis in these religions is made not on God, but on individual’s work for self-perfection. Moreover, a central concept for both Hinduism and Buddhism is â€Å"Karma†. Nothing depends on a man; everything is predetermined. A man should be a peaceful, pacified creature, who is able to follow Divines leading him to enlightenment and bringing him closer to spiritual world of Divines. The main argum ents of Christianity differ from these

Sales Letter Essay Example for Free

Sales Letter Essay The Kutztown Community Parks and Recreation Program and I would like to inform you, and your coworkers, of our wonderful summer programs for children. Our camps are a great way for children to interact with others and have a fun time doing it. Instead of your child sitting at home all day playing video games and being bored out of their minds, send them to our camps for a great summer filled with activity. Camps are held from June 1 through August 15. During this time, your child will be entertained with some wonderful opportunities. During the day, children can take their pick between activities such as arts and crafts, sport instruction, structured recreation, supervised free time, and swimming pool usage. Your child will also be provided with two snack times and lunch for a small fee. On the dates 6-5 and 7-11 the camps will be going on field trips to Hershey Park and the Philadelphia Zoo. Transportation is provided for both of these trips. With summer just around the corner, my company and I encourage you to sign your children up for our summer programs. The camps have been very successful in the past. With seven parks, two community pools, sports, arts and crafts, field trips, and a wonderful staff, there is no doubt that your child’s summer will be filled with fun and excitement. Thank you for your time and I will be contacting you in the near future to follow up. If you have any questions before that time please feel free to contact me at [emailprotected] com. Sincerely, JJ Lloyd Activity Director.

Huck Finn And Racism Essay -- essays research papers

In the book, Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, the main character Huck, is able to look past conformist and the effects of his environment. Huck was born into a society that was supposed to hate black people. Huck was able to see good in a ‘nigger’ , and further a healthy relationship with his slave, Jim. Huck is a very strong and smart person, although he isn’t learned, and can act ignorant from time to time. Mark Twain, many times makes Huck look like a non-admirable person, when Twain does this it degrades him and Huck. Twain did this because he was afraid of the social critics in his day. Huck was a good person despite what the ending of the book may have appeared him to be.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck is a walking contradiction to the belief of environmentalism. The definition for an environmentalist taken from Oxford states: “A person who considers that environment has the primary influence on the development if a person or group,';. Huck was taught that blacks were lower then whites, and should not be treated as equals, so according to this belief he should have hated blacks, but he didn’t. Huck was too smart and open minded for the belief of white supremacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Huck has had positive interactions with blacks, and has taken a liking to the slave Jim, who he helped to free, to go with him on his wild adventure. Huck never had very much schooling. This is one of the reasons he is so smar...

Money Is Everything

â€Å"Money isn’t everything. † To some people, this is an easy and preferred answer. It is an easy answer because it’s ideal and it gives hope. However, this idea is a common misconception and is dangerous because money is everything. Without the ability to purchase tangible items, intangible ideas would not be able to be pursued. Money is what helps people survive and pursue the ideological things in life. Therefore, the misconception â€Å"money isn’t everything† is a dangerous and mistaken belief. Money is what helps people survive.Sodapop Curtis, from The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton, quits his high school and stops his chances of getting his dream job to get more money for his family to survive and help his little brother, Ponyboy, pursue his dreams. According to Sodapop, money is essential for survival, and without it, life would be very difficult to manage. He had dropped out of school because he needed money to help put food on the table for hi s family and helps his family when needed. Money isn’t a luxury but a necessity in order to survive in today’s world, so the idea that money isn’t everything is a misconception.The misbelief that money isn’t everything can result in devastating situations. A YouTube video, The Homeless Experiment, featured a man who did horrible in high school and eventually dropped out; he had thought that he did not need money do pursue ideological things. Although some people, such as Steve Jobs, may become a billionaire from dropping out, only a few actually become successful not having to chase after money. Many high school students believe in this misconception, and it may lead to dropping out to pursue a dream with false hopes.â€Å"Money isn’t everything† is a dangerous and mistaken belief that may foster fake hopes. â€Å"Money isn’t everything† is a dangerous misconception because money is necessary to survive in the world we live in today and because it can make people believe that dreams can come true without having money. Money does not buy respect, but is needed to gain authority which comes with respect. Money isn’t everything but most things require money. Therefore, it is crucial to use money and wealth wisely.

Computer programs Essay

Computer programs that reside in a host computer’s memory and control its functionality, in order to obtain information residing on the host computer, are known as hostile code. Viruses like the Melissa, The Love Bug, Hybris, and CIH are the best examples of hostile code. The development of the internet has helped the release, transmission and effectiveness of hostile code and its rapid development (Robert J. Bagnall, March 14, 2001). Hostile code has been classified into three categories, namely, Viruses which are computer programs usually hidden within other seemingly harmless programs. These malicious programs reproduce and get embedded in other programs with the intention of performing some harmful action (Merriam-Webster OnLine, n. d). They spread from file to file on the same computer and not to other computers from that computer (Symantec, n. d). Worms, which are self contained programs that spread copies of it to other computer systems, via networks connections like the IRC or as email attachments. They replicate like viruses, but spread from computer to computer. They are much more dangerous than viruses because they spread faster and affect entire computer networks. Trojan Horses, which contain hidden commands within code resembling a useful program. They make the computer do what was not intended to be done by the user. They erase specific files; format hard disk drives, steal passwords and install server programs onto the infected computer in order to permit remote access. In order to tackle hostile code attacks, forensics use intrusion detection and incident response. Intrusions are suspicious computer activity these are dealt with by the following step wise procedure, preparation, detection, investigation, eradication, recovery and follow up. That such an attack is taking place can be assumed whenever, there are service slowdowns or malfunctions, web defacements, anonymous tips, etc. The aim will be to isolate and contain the attacker by setting up a so called victim machine or target subnet on the network. Once the IP Address is determined, then the source of the attacks can be determined. A few of the methods used in this process are the ping and traceroute facilities, suppose the IP Address is known but it is not in quad format then one can use the ping or traceroute detect the IP Address in the normal quad format. In case the domain name is known but not the IP Address or vice versa, then one can use the nslookup tool. This tool works with UNIX, Windows NT and Windows 2000. While, registering the domain name it is essential to furnish details of name and contact address. The whois utility is used to obtain contact information on a specific domain to obtain the contact details of all persons registered with them. One of the more well known of such utilities are provided by the Sam Spade Web site (http://samspade. org) and the one provided by Network Solutions. After the contact information is obtained a traceroute is run to determine the route that the data packets are following. In this manner the source of the hostile code can be determined (Heiser and Kruse, 2001). Sources Bagnall, Robert J.Computer Viruses & Security WARNING: Visual Basic, Active X, Java and other Mobile Code, Retrieved March 29, 2006 from http://membrane. com /security /java_and_cookies/notes/mobile_code_malware. html Merriam-Webster OnLine. Retrieved March 29, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www. m-w. com/cgi-bin/dictionary? virus Symantec. Retrieved March 29, 2006, from the World Wide Web: http://www. symantec. com/avcenter/virus. backgrounder. html Heiser, Jay G. and Kruse II, Warren G. Computer Forensics: Tracking an Offender. Addison – Wesley Professional. Boston MA.

Language as an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts

Language as an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts Introduction Lack of adequate comprehension on interaction mechanisms between language and cognition is as old as the history of linguistics and psychology. Similarly, this subject matter has caught attention of laypersons and specialists. As a result, it has set a stage for growing debate that is not likely to die away in the near future.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Language as an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the history of psychology, researchers interested in understanding processes that take place in human mind first sought to comprehend the kind of prevailing challenges that existed between language, psychology and culture (Anderson, 2010). Henceforth, the issue occupied central position in cognitive psychology as researchers tried to establish the relationship between language and cognition. Most importantly, in the history of linguistics, researchers hav e always been taken to task to explicitly explain relationship between language and thought (Caruthers, 2002). Moreover, the kind of interactions that exist between linguistic and conceptual representations during language learning have always interfered with understanding of linguistics and psychology (Caruthers, 2002). On the same note, most researchers seem to agree that during language acquisition, learners tend to build on available cognitive concepts whereby they inject novel words to the readily available conceptual representations (Anderson, 2010). However, these psychological researchers still find it cumbersome to agree on the extent into which pre-linguistic concepts hampers or himders acquisition of language (Anderson, 2010). The above debate is founded on two important questions. Whereas one side emphasizes that language is the foundation upon which cognitive concepts are created, the other side argue that cognitive processes affect language (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). However, it is imperative to note that, the notion that language shapes thought is widely accepted in linguistics, perhaps, as latter day researchers try to follow the legacy of Benjamin Lee Whorf who first presumed that language shapes the way we perceive, think, analyze, act, learn and build visual imageries in the world around us (Caruthers, 2002). In spite of the fact that cognitive psychology also seeks to understand mental process of thoughts, cognitive scientists refute the notion that language precedes thought in a more universal manner (Anderson, 2010). Apparently, cognitive scientists base their arguments on ample evidence which indicates that human beings possess numerous paralinguistic conceptual systems (Holyoak Morrison, 2010).Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nonetheless, whereas this paper does not aim to contest the evidence that cognition is not influence d by language, it seeks to emphasize that to some extent, language shapes all aspects of cognitive concepts such as thoughts, memory, learning ability, visual imagery, perception, decision making and representations. Moreover, this paper is purposed to reinforce the fact that language is an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts. Language and thought To begin with, it is imperative to mention that nearly all cognitive scientists have recently agreed that language is a separate component of a mind that is shaped through an input versus output mechanism (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). However, they are unable to perceive how language faculty qualifies to be a separate and integral component of cognition. Similarly, the debate on whether language precedes human thought still persists. Cognitive psychology seeks to explain the constructs of human mind that stimulate thinking. According to Caruthers (2002), language should be viewed as a medium upon which conscious thinking is conducte d. However, he underlines that the inner speech as opposed to visuo-spatial lays the foundation for conscious conceptual thinking. Besides, Caruthers (2002) restates that the above claim should not be taken to mean that propositional thinking is impossible without language bearing in mind that whereas language-thinking is conscious, unconscious thoughts are not dependent on language (Caruthers, 2002). A similar line of thinking is embraced by Papafragou et al. (2007) who underscore that language is simply not just a vehicle of communication, but through usage, language elicits profound effects on cognitive development. The process of communication is a disguise in which human thoughts are embedded with an intention of modifying the attitudes and thoughts of others (Holyoak Morrison, 2010). They also emphasize that though the two sides portray wide disparities, the underlying conclusion is that language and thought are bound up in a cause-effect relationship. As a matter of fact, th e above assumption by Holyoak and Morrison (2010) supports the statement that language is partly an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts.Advertising We will write a custom thesis sample on Language as an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perception The cognitive concept of perception is very significant to an individual, more importantly, to young children during the initial developmental stages when they acquire the experiences of life (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). On the same note, language has a role to play in creating and shaping these perceptions. According to Caruthers (2002) a child awareness of his/her environment is dependent on language for its through language that a child is able to attach meaning to labels. As a matter of fact, perception is closely related to learning since as one becomes curious of labels around him/her, new information is acquired through language. Th e use of linguistic labels, for instance, a ‘cloakroom room sign in a restaurant’ creates a conducive environment for simplified learning to take place (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). On the contrary, the claim that our concepts of perceptions entirely depend on linguistic input is fallacious, since to some extent our concepts are informed by our experience with properties, events and things in the world (Anderson, 2010). For instance, a closer analysis of child language acquisition process indicates that, children are first exposed to an idea physically, and then their care givers repeat the name of the idea severally to promote subsequent labeling. However, when dealing with abstract concepts successful learning is dependent on provision of linguistic fundamentals (Nelson, 1996). Nelson, (1996) further explains that, in order to facilitate understating of abstract concepts, a learner should to be exposed to linguistically formulated theories. This implies that it is throu gh language that we able learn and comprehend some cognitive concepts that would otherwise be beyond our intellectual horizons (Holyoak Morrison, 2010). Moreover, the above notion further reinforces the main hypothesis of this paper that language and cognition are intertwined in causal-effect relations. Representation On the same note, cognitive psychology is concerned with gaining understanding of how concepts are represented in the mind. Language therefore can be used to determine whether speakers without a common language portray different conceptual representations (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011).Advertising Looking for thesis on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Anderson (2010) it is possible to obtain answers for this hypothesis using language, since the kind of lexical and grammatical resources available to an individual will determine whether a speaker will give a constrained conceptual representations output. This implies that language is the vehicle upon which new concepts are absorbed into the mind and through speech individuals are able to reproduce representations of the learned concept (Papafragou, Massey Gleitman, 2006). However, the above notion does not eschew from the fact that individuals are capable of conceiving new thoughts irrespective of linguistic input. Furthermore, Caruthers (2002) deduce that language should be viewed as a structure upon which an individual builds a system of conceptual representation. He further accentuate that different natural languages might portray some disparities in category marking and as a result the speakers of that language will exhibit differences in speech and comprehension; thus language can be used to study conceptual representations though speech and reading performance (Papafragou, Massey Gleitman, 2006). Memory Augmentation Memory acquisition and retention have been a concern in cognitive psychology. Accordingly, various descriptive and experimental researchers have been motivated by a growing interest to understand whether language categories impact the learning and retention of memories (Papafragou, Massey Gleitman, 2006). More specifically, researchers have been at pain to prove whether color-categories embedded in a language have a role to play in color memory, learning and comparison (Nelson, 1996). Research has shown speakers of different Languages indeed exhibit disparities in color interpretation owing to the fact that an individual will only remember and represent color terminologies that are encoded in their language (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). Language is a tool via which an individual acquires specific categories in culture and color is one of those categories. However, the question whether these linguistic labels affect perception, learning and memory stills persists. Cognitive psychologists have used the category of color to investigate and identify color blind individuals (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). Firstly, cognitive psychologists have to establish what color themes are encoded in a participant’s language before they can conclude whether they are color blind (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). Similarly, research findings have indicated that naming practices among speakers of a certain Language influences recognition of color (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). Besides, we also use linguistics artifacts to prompt memory recall (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). For instance, we can leave a note on the mirror to prompt recall of certain idea. However, for recall to be activated effectively, visual representation has to be delivered to the left hemisphere where language system is embedded (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). This imp lies that language as an exemplar of cognitive concepts is limited in scope; hence we can conclude that it influences the cognitive concept of memory not wholly, but partly. Language and concepts development Language has been recognized as a foundation via which various conceptual beliefs about the world are input into our mind. The development of linguistic and cognitive concept goes hand in hand during the various stages of child development (Papafragou et al, 2007). Moreover, the linguistic ability of a child will determine their cognitive capacities. Research has shown that, children with limited linguistic exposure exhibit some deficits in cognitive concepts and vice versa (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). For instance, deaf children who are born of hearing parents exhibit considerable cognitive limitations before they learn how to sign (Papafragou, Massey Gleitman, 2006). This implies that language to some extent influence a child’s thinking and indeed language makes human b eings to have a superior cognitive capability than animals (Anderson, 2010). However, language development should not be viewed as superior to cognitive development rather the two should be viewed as parallels whereby language is just a developmental aspect of cognition whose role ceases once the beliefs and the necessary concepts are acquired (Holyoak Morrison, 2010). The fact that adults whose language storage systems in the mind have been damaged continue to function normally indicates that language is just an equal but not superior aspect of cognitive development (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). This confirms that while language may be completely a different aspect from cognition, there are quite a number of underlying similarities, differences and common perspectives that exist between the two parameters. Research in aphasia indicate that depending on the degree of damage an individual portrays some aspect of visuo-spatial thinking, therefore, language should be viewed as an import ant aspect of cognitive development, but not as a mandatory element without which cognitive mental process cannot function (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). Scaffolding element of language The scaffolding aspect of language has also interested scholars over recent decades. On the other hand, this has not surfaced without various controversies which have existed as each side attempts to prove the extent to which language shapes cognitive processes (Caruthers, 2002). Indeed, quite a number of research studies in cognitive psychology have attested to the fact that language development is quite often laced with myriad of scaffolding elements. In addition, both empirical and theoretical research studies have concluded that speakers of different languages are likely to carry out similar tasks in different ways since their reasoning is also likely to be different (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). However, it is not clear as to what extent language influences decision making and whether different reaso ning perspectives are informed by differences in culture (Nelson, 1996). As indicated above, culture, language and cognitive seems to be intertwined at some cross roads and therefore is difficult to draw distinct boundaries to point out where one aspect ends and the other one begins. Moreover, research among children showed that the ones who tended to verbalize while performing demanding task exhibited high level of problem-solving skills than those who did not (Carruthers, 2002). This indicates that language is a necessary foundation for the acquisition and development of cognitive skills involved in decision making. According to Fausey and Boroditsky (2011) the supra-communicative conception of language is responsible for certain processes of extended thinking and reasoning. As exemplified elsewhere in the text language is not just a communicative tool but is also a supplement of various cognitive powers. On the same note, inner speech serves as base upon which complex reasoning a nd thinking takes place, hence the scaffolding aspect of language indicates that to some extent is language is partly an exemplar of cognitive psychological concepts (Fausey Boroditsky, 2011). In a nutshell, it is imperative to note that the subject on language and cognition has been researched far and wide. These researches have also been diversified in both scope and findings. Despite existing disparities in opinions, one aspect is certain that language and cognition are somehow intertwined. However, controversies arise as researcher tries to prove which of the two a superior is or else which presupposes the other during development. Nonetheless, this paper concludes that to some extent, language has great role to play in cognition. Therefore, language can be deemed as the foundation upon which cognitive psychological concepts such as memory, perception, decision making, and visual representations are studied and understood. Needless to say, this paper does not refute the notion that cognitive concepts can be present independent of language. References Anderson, J. (2010). Cognitive psychology and its implication. New York. NY: Worth Publication. Caruthers, P. (2002). The cognitive functions of language .Behavioral and brain sciences, 25, 657-726. Fausey, C. M. Boroditsky, L. (2011). Who dunnit? Cross-linguistic differences in eye- witness memory. Psychon Bull Rev, 18, 150-157. Holyoak, K. Morrison, R. (eds.). (2010). Cambridge Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Nelson, K. (1996). Language in Cognitive Development; Emergence of the Mediated Mind. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Papafragou, A. et al. (2007). Evidentiality in language and cognition. Cognition, 1003, 253–299. Papafragou, A. Massey, C. Gleitman, L. (2006). Motion Events in Language and Cognition. Somerville,MA: Cascadilla Press.

Learn About the Munich Olympic Massacre

Learn About the Munich Olympic Massacre The Munich Massacre was a terrorist attack during the 1972 Olympic Games. Eight Palestinian terrorists killed two members of Israeli Olympic team and then took nine others hostage. The situation was ended by a huge gunfight that left five of the terrorists and all of the nine hostages dead. Following the massacre, the Israeli government organized a retaliation against Black September, called Operation Wrath of God. Dates:  September 5, 1972 Also Known As:  1972 Olympics Massacre Stressful Olympics The XXth Olympic Games were held in Munich, Germany in 1972. Tensions were high at these Olympics because they were the first Olympic Games held in Germany since the Nazis hosted the Games in 1936. The Israeli athletes and their trainers were especially nervous; many had family members who had been murdered during the Holocaust or were themselves Holocaust survivors. The Attack The first few days of the Olympic Games went smoothly. On September 4, the Israeli team spent the evening out to see the play, Fiddler on the Roof, and then went back to the Olympic Village to sleep. A little after 4 a.m. on September 5, as the Israeli athletes slept, eight members of the Palestinian terrorist organization, Black September, jumped over the six-foot-high fence that encircled the Olympic Village. The terrorists headed straight for 31 Connollystrasse, the building where the Israeli contingent was staying. Around 4:30 a.m., the terrorists entered the building. They rounded up the occupants of apartment 1 and then apartment 3. Several of the Israelis fought back; two of them were killed. A couple of others were able to escape out windows. Nine were taken hostage. Standoff at the Apartment Building By 5:10 a.m., the police had been alerted and news of the attack had begun to spread around the world. The terrorists then dropped a list of their demands out the window; they wanted 234 prisoners released from Israeli prisons and two from German prisons by 9 a.m. Negotiators were able to extend the deadline to noon, then 1 p.m., then 3 p.m., then 5 p.m.; however, the terrorists refused to back down on their demands and Israel refused to release the prisoners. A confrontation became inevitable. At 5 p.m., the terrorists realized that their demands were not going to be met. They asked for two planes to fly both the terrorists and the hostages to Cairo, Egypt, hoping a new locale would help get their demands met. The German officials agreed but realized that they could not let the terrorists leave Germany. Desperate to end the standoff, the Germans organized Operation Sunshine, which was a plan to storm the apartment building. The terrorists discovered the plan by watching television. The Germans then planned to attack the terrorists on their way to the airport, but again the terrorists found out their plans. Massacre at the Airport Around 10:30 p.m., the terrorists and hostages were transported to the Fà ¼rstenfeldbruck airport by helicopter. The Germans had decided to confront the terrorists at the airport and had snipers waiting for them. Once on the ground, the terrorists realized there was a trap. Snipers started shooting at them and they shot back. Two terrorists and one policeman were killed. Then a stalemate developed. The Germans requested armored cars and waited for over an hour for them to arrive. When the armored cars arrived, the terrorists knew the end had come. One of the terrorists jumped into a helicopter and shot four of the hostages, then threw in a grenade.  Another terrorist hopped into the other helicopter and used his machine gun to kill the remaining five hostages. The snipers and armored cars killed three more terrorists in this second round of gunfire. Three terrorists survived the attack and were taken into custody. Less than two months later, the three remaining terrorists were released by the German government after two other Black September members hijacked a plane and threatened to blow it up unless the three were released.

Management of Human Resources class discussion wk5 Coursework

Management of Human Resources class discussion wk5 - Coursework Example The inventory is useful because for storing specific data of jobs under analysis (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). This approach is not only used when measuring the main job tasks, but also used for identifying needed competencies I would prefer to use the customized approach when conducting job analysis because it provides more information about a job. These particulars are crucial when it comes to creating a feedback system that gives details on a potential employee’s performance (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). It is also useful for coming up with training programs useful as a tool for motivating employees (Jackson, Schuler & Werner, 2012). It would be more important for an organization to standardize its jobs and competency analyses so that each potential employee gets treated the same way. Fair treatment at workplace for all is more advantageous than when people are treated

Macroeconomic Influences and Future Trends Essay

Macroeconomic Influences and Future Trends - Essay Example For instance, the effects of factors like gender, marital status or ethnicity could either be strong or weak depending on their interactions with each other. It is like they borrow something from other factors in order to reinforce the strength of their impacts. Income is important for one simple reason. It determines peoples capability to purchase health care products and services. Wealthy people or wealthy countries are in a better position to secure better health than those from poorer class and countries because they can afford it. Fuchs pointed this out when he explained the relationship between health and income in a cross country analysis, where it was found that life expectancy is related to Gross Domestic Product per capita (Fuchs, 2004, p. 655). The high income class or those people who have the purchasing power also exert influence in the performance of the health care market within several economic principles such as perfect competition. Consumers could help drive up demand for certain products and services. The fact is that strong and capable consumer sector means vibrant health care market that necessitates best performance from all stakeholders such as the government and health care producers. The economic status of countries is also significant in the differences in medical standards followed both in education and in practice. In higher income societies, the health care industry can reach its most ideal condition because most elements are present and working. Such capability also launches several variables such as political pressure. The collective strength of consumers could help shape policymaking as engagement or activism can assume the role of a pressure group. This is significant given the fact that governments h ave the power to intervene, control and regulate health care. In cases of budgetary gaps, for example, the macroeconomic conditions are significantly altered, say, when the government

Production Planning using ERP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Production Planning using ERP - Essay Example However it is not widespread these days, it is probable to carry out material requirements planning tasks by hand as well (Waldner & Duffin, 1992, p. 47). MRP is a procedure that comprises a number of fundamental business tasks and information across the business encompassing entire levels in the bill of materials, sales forecasts, sales orders, and inventory. With the help of MRP it can be decided accurately what as well as when materials are necessary to manufacture the most timely as well as competitively priced services and products for customers (GreenTree, 2009) and (Qiang, Khong, San, Jianguo, & Choy, 2001). Beasley (2009) has stated that material requirements planning system is a material planning technique which appeared in 1970s by making use of information technology and computer technology. The major characteristics of material requirements planning are the formation of material necessities by means of exploding the bills of time-phasing and material of requirements by means of posted standard lead times (RockfordConsulting, 2009) and (Beasley, 2009). Material Requirements Planning II is acknowledged as the next generation of material requirements planning and it comprises the characteristics of closed loop system. Through this system the production planning takes the fundamental and main schedule that force the material plan which is the main input to the business or manufacturing capacity plan. Feedback loops proffers input to the elevated levels like a reiterative procedure (RockfordConsulting, 2009). In material requirements planning II operation, forecasts are linked as well a s synchronized for client orders, as well as supplied to the main/master scheduling module. When the master schedule is positioned, the material requirements planning procedure explodes the bills of material, usually on weekends or overnight, also builds up the material requirements. The requirements or materials feed the capacity planning

Theories of Crime | Introduction

Theories of Crime | Introduction There are many theories of crime which fit into four different models each explaining crime through varied approaches, in this essay I will be discussing the weakest of these theoretical explanations of crime and the strongest. The weakest theory of crime is Biological Positivism which is part of the Predestined Actor Model which is a positivist model explaining criminal behaviour based on scientific factors beyond a persons control. Biological positivism has been heavily criticised by many criminologists due to their explanations that the internal factors of a person is what causes crime, this will be explored further and proven to be the weakest theory throughout the essay. The strongest theory of crime is Left Realism, which is an integrated explanation. This theory takes into account elements of other approaches and realises that there are multiple causes of crime therefore making it one of the strongest theoretical explanations, this will be elaborated on in the body of the essa y and will be further proven why it is the strongest of all the theories. Throughout the essay I will be addressing the main points, the key thinkers, their explanations of crime and why it was chosen for each theory, which will then conclude in support of my claim of the weakest and strongest theories. Lombroso was the founding father of biological positivism and his theory suggested that people were born criminal; this explanation was influence by Darwins work on evolution and atavism. Although he was a biological positivist his work gradually turned towards environmental factors therefore suggesting that biological factors as the cause of criminality was not enough of an explanation and poverty for example also became influential. Lombroso was interested in criminal behaviour and categorized criminals as born criminals, insane criminals, occasional criminals and criminals of passions. He set the scene for all positivist work and other biological positivists based their work on Lombrosos findings. However Lombrosos work has been criticised, as it used outdated methodology which was very basic therefore he was unable to create any meaningful conclusions. Furthermore he did not consider female offenders, any criminal acts which were carried out by women he disregarded and stated tha t the men were responsible for the female involvement, therefore lacking in validity (Burke, 2009). Matza in 1964 went on to say that a criminal is a specific type of person, that is different to those that are not criminals and that crime occurs due to factors outside of their control. However, this then ignores the aspect that humans have free will to commit crimes therefore disagreeing with theories in the rational actor model like Classical theory, which states that people choose to commit crimes. There are many theories in biological positivism which all state that individuals are compelled to commit crime as it is part of their biological make-up, such as physical factors, theories related to the body, chromosomal anomalies, etc. however these have be criticised as you will see below. Physical type theories were the first to come out and this was based on the idea that criminals stand out based on of their appearance. Lombroso did research on atavism as mentioned above, that criminals are born criminal and show signs of criminal throwbacks for example long ears and sloping foreheads. As a result of this, people speculated that those with physical atavistic characteristics were criminals and used it as a prevention tactic. However this only related to a small amount of criminals and therefore is not very reliable and many with these characteristics could be wrongly accused of criminality. In todays society Lombrosos work is considered outdated and discredited due to the theory that a persons physical appearance increases the likelihood of them being a criminal, this is seen as absurd and meaningless, hence perceived as a weak theory. Phrenology, which is the study of skulls was also used to explain crime, Gall stated that by looking at the shape and bums of a skull can indicate a persons character and specified that the area above the right ear determines how violent that person is. This theory has been criticised immensely along with physiognomy, which tells a persons character through facial featured, due to its lack of credibility. There is not enough substantial evidence to prove this theory amongst a vast population because people are individuals with an individual biological make-up (Maguire, 1997). Sheldon has done some similar work on linking body shape to behaviour, (his theory of somatypes) and identified three forms of body types which relate to certain personalities. He established that offending behaviour and crime is linked with mesomorphs, who are muscular and athletic with an aggressive personality. However it does not consider that these types of people may be targeted by the police more than the other two body types therefore is supporting his theory as those athletic built individuals are getting caught, where as other body types are not. These physical theories are very weak as they are ignoring different aspects of the interaction between the physical characteristics of the person and their social circumstances. (Burke, 2009:74) People from poor families and areas may have a poor diet therefore causing them to be small, while young people working manual jobs are more likely to be muscular. These people are over-represented with criminals, which could be explained by socio-cultures not via biological factors (Burke, 2009). Furthermore, to support the statement that biological positivism is a weak theory, Sheldons work was follow up by a Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development and found there was no physical difference between offenders and non offenders, therefore suggesting there is no reliability due to the inconsistency. Further criticisms of this theory are based on its methodology, as the sample of offenders and non offenders are not representative to society as mentioned above it does not account for those who do not get caught, it ignored the sifting process in the criminal justice system. It also disregards interaction with the environment, as those individuals with physical stigmas may retaliate against their social environment and labels given to them therefore living up to the expectation leading to a self fulfilling prophecy (Taylor, Walton, Young, 1973). Chromosomal Anomalies is another category of biological theory criminologists have used to explain crime, it looks at the link between abnormal chromosomes and criminal behaviour. A normal female complement is XX and male is XY, an abnormal complement is when there are chromosomes missing or there are too many for example the XYY. Brown in 1962 found that those with sex chromosome abnormalities had higher rates of delinquency than his other patients. Casey et al (1966) followed on from his work and did the first major studies at a secure hospital and found supporting results for men with an extra Y chromosome as well as them being taller and having low intelligence (Taylor, Walton, Young, 1973). The limitations for this theory are similar to that of the body type category, for example those with an extra Y chromosome may be taller and well built therefore targeted and treated harsher by agents of the criminal justice system like the police and judges. Further limitations which makes this theory the weakest, is that there are many individuals that are normal and do not behave criminally in society that have extra chromosomes, therefore suggesting that others factors have to be involved. In addition this theory also ignored the fact that those young men with an extra Y chromosome came from a working class background, therefore the cause of criminality could be due to their exploitation from the ruling class not because of chromosomes. Marxist theory would agree that the cause of criminality was a result of capitalist society and not chromosomes that are not identifiable and unable to predict criminal behaviour. Biological positivists also explained criminality as genetically inherited; they suggested that a criminal gene can be passed on through the family just like physical characteristics. To test this theory they used three sources of data, studies of criminal families, studies of twins and studies of adopted persons. All three sources claimed that criminal behaviour was inherited rather than environmental, however family studies did not considered the effect of an absent parent lending to criminality. In twin studies they could not identify whether criminality was influenced more by environmental or biological factors however did mention that biological theory on its own to explain crime is not enough, therefore is a weak theory to base criminal explanations on. This was also reiterated in adoption studies emphasising that environmental factors play a role and add to the reliability of the theory, therefore showing the weaknesses of the biological theory when it is used to explain crime on its own (Wiley, 1996). There are many weaknesses in the categories within biological theory, from the methods used by criminologists to their shortcomings in ignoring certain aspects including the three data sources that explained inherited criminal characteristics. The main limitations in biological positivism occur throughout all the categories even biochemical explanations such as hormone imbalances and substance abuse which has not been discussed in detail. The reason this theory was chosen as the weakest is due to it many limitations; criminologist largely discredit this approach as it is nowadays seen as outdated and not relevant, therefore there are many better explanation to crime that can be proven. Biological theory only looks at criminality from one approach which is seen as a very over determined view of human actions and a more integrated approach would explain crime better for example the more recent socio-biological explanation of crime. It only explains criminal behaviour effectively in a m inority of offenders and has considerably more limitations as mentioned above. This weakest theory also cannot explain the variation in crime rates and offers no explanation to why and how laws arise. A further reason it was chosen as the worst, was due to the unethical and harsh treatments to prevent crime which in the USA, even results in death, genetic selection and sterilisation. The strongest theoretical explanation of crime is left realism. This theory is chosen as the strongest because unlike biological positivism it does consider other factors and is an integrated model which recognises that there are many causes of crime and contains essential parts from all three models of crime. Jock Young had a major turnaround which altered criminological thinking to the emergence of left realism; when crime rates were meant to decrease due to economic restructuring and improved conditions and instead actually increased, with the increased awareness of victims of crimes and crimes that were previously invisible, and finally a growing public demand and disapproval in efficiency of public service (Newburn, 2007). This new criminology from the left political view, with criminologists such as Young, Lea and Matthews believed crime is a real issue and not socially constructed therefore it needs to be addressed. Left realism is the strongest theory as it takes into account the immediate fears that people have and seek to deal with them (Burke, 2009:264), such as street crimes in high offending areas as those living there are caught right in the middle of it. As mentioned above this theory is seen as theoretically strong as it recognises various causes of crime that are credited. The relationship individuals have with the police could be a cause of crime, if the police are harassing people therefore causing them to retaliate or feel helpless; this will drives them to offend. This theory is supported by labelling theory which makes it stronger because instead of theories disagreeing with the causes it agrees therefore creating validity. The police can also cause moral panics in society which can lead to further criminal behaviour; this could be a distraction by capitalist so that the working class are not aware of the real issues that they should be concerned about, this strength allows the individual to be aware of the capitalist system and the exploitation by the ruling class therefore can avoid crime. A key element of left realism is relative deprivation as a cause of crime. People measure their situation for example what they have got, (money and jobs) against the expectation that society creates. When individuals are unable to reach that expectation they may turn to crime in order to achieve it, this is the theory of anomie suggested by Merton. This explanation adds to the strength of this theory as it highlights economic and social factors of crime. Another key element is subculture, Lea and Youngs subcultural model explains how subcultures are used as a response to problems. Those who are unable to adapt to middle class values create subcultures that include people that share their norms and values so they are no longer frustrated. This therefore can be a response to the problem for the working class individuals; however this subculture may create norms and values to suit the group which may include criminal acts as a way of rebellion against the system (Lea, 2002). The final key element is marginalisation, as certain groups lived on the margins of society and are not accepted by others, consequently turning to crime. All these explanations of crime are some of the best from other theories and now under one theory therefore this is the strongest theoretical explanation of crime. An additional reason this is chosen as the strongest theory is because it provides a solution to crime and not just the causes, this is shown with the square of crime. Left realists state that crime is a gathering of the following four factors and the relationships between the four factors determine the effectiveness of that relationship to preventing crime. The first of the four factor, is the state; where the agents of the system label individuals as offenders which is a major factor of recidivism, the second is the victim; who may encourage criminal behaviour due to lack of defence or through repeated lifestyle (routine activity theory), the third is society; where formal and informal social controls occur and the fourth is the offender; how often they commit crimes and the type of offences, etc. (Burke, 2009). To prevent crime, you have to interfere at each point of the square. For example, in the state the police should have more effective policing and the courts should not make preconceptions. The victim should be more responsible for their protection and maybe change their daily routines regularly. The public (society) to ensure that the required socialisation is taking place in primary years and finally the offenders should exercise their free will and decide not to offend. A criticism of left realism, is that the theory is mainly based on previous approaches. However this can be considered as a positive factor, as the theory is hard to criticise due to the fact it has elements from all modules therefore accounts for many explanations and was chosen as the strongest theory. Further advantages includes how it seeks realistic policies to tackle crime problems and how left realism is about prevention not control, therefore left realists believe that if you punish it will lead to marginalisation, so consequently prevention is better.

Alternative Power Solutions Essay -- Technology Electricity Essays

Alternative Power Solutions Our society has become reliant upon technology and continues to increase with time. Computers and many other electronic devices are used in the houses and educational applications. These technologies depend on the energy companies to function. The quality of power that the consumer receives is determined by the area that they live. There are many different ways that these companies go about providing energy. The largest form of energy in the United States is coal. Coal is a general term for a wide variety of solid materials that are high in carbon content. Most coal is burned by electric utility companies to produce steam to turn their generators. Some coal also is used in factories to provide heat for buildings and industrial processes; and a special, high-quality coal is turned into metallurgical coke for use in making steel. (Yergin and Stobaugh) Of the 1.2 billion tons of coal expected to be extracted in the United States this year, more than 80 percent will be used to generate electricity. Indeed, nationwide, about 52 percent of the electricity generated in the country are produced by coal-fired power plants. (Reeves) There is a very large quantity of coal that is produced in America that results in a low cost. However coal plants yield a by-product of sulfur dioxide particles, nitrogen oxide and other airborne toxins. These gases are referred to as green house gases that produce acid rain and global warming. The main reason for the use of this form of energy is the expense. Coal is a very cheap form of energy and is a very plentiful natural resource but is not the best energy source. Another way to make electrical energy is to use a nuclear reactor. â€Å"Nuclear Energy ... ...There is a definite need to refine this technology to make it more marketable to the consumer to compete with other energy companies. This technology has a great potential for getting rid of tacky power lines, transformers, meter boxes and other devices used to transmit power. Losing power has to be one of the most inconvenient things to have happen. For example: a storm comes through the night before (insert some big event) and all of the power in the area is knocked out. That morning would be a nightmare if it was ever to happen but I am sure it happens every now and then. So why should the customer rely on factors that are beyond control? If customers buy a fuel cell they will have a self-sustained power supply that is reliable and safe. In conclusion, the fuel cell is the best form of alternative energy source and is the most feasible among all of them.

Beauty Pageants Aren’t Exploitive

Beauty Pageants aren't Exploitive All kinds of beauty pageants are held every year. Many girls are dreaming to participate in them to show theirselves and achieve what they want. In order to get the chance, they may use different ways. Therefore, some people think that beauty pageants are kind of exploitive, which I am disagree with . Proponents of this idea claim that looking good is the standard you get into through a beauty pageant but ignore the deeper meanings of women.There is nothing wrong with judging people primarily on their physical conditions. We do this all the time in competitive sport, where fitness and strength are major determinants of success. Every competition, of every kind, values certain qualities over others. Similarly, we can give a prize to a beautiful woman for her beauty without implying that beauty is all that matters about anyone. People who against it think that beauty pageants make harmful attitudes to women.In a society which there really are fewer opp ortunities for women than for men, beauty pageants give women a chance to get noticed and to improve their situations. Winning a beauty pageant can be a route to success. Some people maybe totally disagree with it. They put forward this idea because in order to participate in it, some girls may try all kinds of extreme ways to keep fit and it's harmful to them. Entering a beauty pageant and performing well requires a great deal of qualities which are both very useful to possess.When there is a stage full of good-looking young women, the winner must be someone with personality and confidence, but not just an attractive appearance. Alex Comfort said:†A woman's greatest asset is her beauty. Though the beauty pageant do have something bad for the beauty in the past, it isn't exploitive. It has changed as the society is developing. It can help you succeed, know yourself and show your charm.

My Hips My Caderas

In the excerpt, â€Å"My Hips, My Caderas† by Alisa Valdes, gives distinctive examples of her life story to develop a meaning for how society perceives women. America strives to fit the perception of beauty because it is the single physical characteristic that makes us matter. Her anecdotes show us how the world shapes our thoughts to brainwash us. Alisa Valdes personal experiences are a service to provide a better explanation of how we perpetrate in order to be welcomed in society. â€Å"Beauty is in the eye of the culture. † This is an essential quote that summarizes the moral of Valdes story.Being a biracial woman, she received perspectives from two cultures about the way she looks. Valdes is white and Cuban. She is a girl with hips and curves. She is seen as voluptuous. White Americans and Cubans have different viewpoints on how women should look and what beauty is considered to be. Valdes body type isn’t accepted in by all of her family because of the type o f the different type of society they live in. As a child it confused her as to what herself image should be. Her mother’s side of the family is white Americans who believed being skinny was the key to beauty.In America, we have several reminders of what we should look like. Our models are size zeros. All our foods are low fat or reduced in calories producing dieting. We also promote surgery to stay skinny. Hips or la caderas are seen as fat which is ugly, ugly being the antonym for beauty. On the contrary her father’s side believed that the thicker you were or the more curves that complimented one’s body made you more of a woman. That notion highlighted a woman’s beauty. Caderas, often referred to in her explanation, simply translated is hips.In Latin cultures caderas are the stomach, waist, and thighs. It’s all that makes a â€Å"real woman†. La caderas are the essence of a woman. Those who don’t posses these caderas are seen as sick . It’s unattractive to the eye. The different cultures that she exemplifies contradict each other. Valdes has significant times in her child hood where she remembers the two cultures impacted the way she thought about herself. Being involved in her father’s culture, being voluptuous was a blessing. When Valdes was 12 she remembers the Chicanos making catcalls at her because she was so curators.She took those signs of beauty for granted and started to diet, taking to the American way of beauty. She also talks about her and her friend going to dance and men lining up to dance with her and her turning them down because she said â€Å"I often say †no†, because I can†. This leads me to infer that she felt beautiful and she knew she was due to her hips. If she didn’t think so she wouldn’t turn the men down. That culture made her appreciate herself and have positive outlooks about how she looked. In America she remembers being in a step aerobi cs class and women making negative statements about how she looks.She sometimes hear the woman in the front row whisper â€Å"My God, would you look at those hips†. Her attributes are looked down upon as if they are a bad thing in America. She has experienced both cultures and have a gotten a different response on her body. Self image is destructive but it’s what makes civilization significant. The world revolves around images that are acceptable and it’s the drive around the world. In the society we live in, civilization is based on appearance. Our world rotates on its axis because of it. It’s deadly to walk outside without makeup on or above a certain weight.American’s have reality television that are designed just for losing weight and to critique the appearance of our celebrities. Everyone is a target in America to bee objectified. There is no discrimination. In middle school I was often picked on for being so skinny and I hated my body. When I got to high school I started to gain weight not in my â€Å"caderas† but my butt. I started to love my body more because everyone else did. Girls would tell me how they would kill for my shape and I would tell them how I would love to have theirs. I wanted breast and hips like those girls but they wanted to be a stick like me, I couldn’t understand.Those girls were envisioning themselves as being the females they see on the television and I was the closest thing to their dreams. Continuously taking my body for granted the next teenage girl was admiring my imperfections perfectly. I learn eventually to embrace my small figure but looking at celebrities like Beyonce’ and other full figured women I get self conscious sometime. It’s as if my body isn’t good enough and I fall back into the depression of why my body can’t look a certain way. It is a struggle in itself because your image is your introduction.

Starbucks in Europe

Starbucks in Europe In contemporary business arena, companies are engaging in corporate social responsibilities activities in the effort to increase their market base and create good relationship with customers. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) involves activities that a company engages in for the direct benefit of the community. Despite the focus being on community welfare, CSRs have an indirect benefit to the company especially in sales, brand creation, and marketing. This paper discusses the structure of Starbucks corporate social responsibility program.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Starbucks in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Brief History of the company Starbucks is world’s number one coffee and coffeehouse company; the company has embraced the spirit of corporate social responsibilities in its business. It is situated in 55 countries; the first branch was opened by Jerry Baldwin,  Zev Siegl, and G ordon Bowker on March 30, 1971 (Starbucks Corporate website). Starbucks Company has over 666 stores distributed across Europe. The branches have been developed through buyouts and franchising. Though the branches are operated and managed differently they have a similar code of conduct that they must uphold always (Starbucks Corporate website). The company is operational in 25 countries in Europe and a pilot survey is ongoing to analyse the chances of expanding to Ukraine and Italy. It is available in the following nations;  Portugal, Austria,  Belgium, Germany Portugal,   Russia,   Sweden, Czech Republic, Hungary  Ireland,   United Kingdom Denmark, Netherlands,  Poland,   Bulgaria,   Greece,   Turkey, Cyprus  Hungary  Ireland   France  , Jersey, Romania, Switzerland and   Spain (Starbucks Corporate website). Corporate social responsibilities undertaken by the company As a matter of social corporate responsibilities, the company has a number of charity p rograms which it finances they are; Water conservation financing, this is done through Ethos ® Water  policy where when somebody purchases the brand then   5 cent goes to the project. The company is engaged in youth programs aimed at training youth on entrepreneurial strategies. In 2009 a total of $2.1 million was used to finance 71 grants.  The company has also entered into Bonos (RED) For Charity where it donates money to assist those suffering from HIV. The company has a system called Shared Plane, where it aims at doing business in a way that is friendly to the environment. The system involves the producers and local community to adopt ethical production method which does not pollute the environment. The company has embarked on recycling of its waste products up to 70%. The move is to ensure that there are minimal disposal to the environment.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company uses large amounts of water in its productions, however in a move to conserve water; it recycles over 70% of its waste water. In the effort to reduce green house emission, the company has embarked on massive energy efficient methods. This involves the use of electricity to roast coffee beans in place of charcoal (Starbucks Corporation). Methods and strategy of Starbucks CSRs The approach taken by Starbucks to manage its corporate social responsibility involves analysing the prevailing situation in the world and coming up with the right intervention. The strategy aims at developing long lasting policies that the community can benefit from even after the withdrawal of the company. Other projects are aimed at promoting peace among community for better community of communities. The company has one of the world’s respected supply chain system which address corporate social responsibilities from a wider approach, according to the system, t he company only buys from farmers who have produced their coffee beans in an environmentally friendly manner. Starbucks corporate social responsibilities can be ranked among the best in the world; they not only address current issues facing a community but also ensure that the systems they have developed will be sustained for long periods. Although there are some companies that seems to be doing better than the company, credit should be given on the efforts and programs that the company has engaged in. The company’s sales and marketing team collaborates with the corporate social responsibilities to come up with the right programs for the company. Corporate social responsibilities programs aims at creating a healthy relationship with customers, it is among the strong points that the company considers in its customer relation management programs. In the event of an in eventuality, the company has set some funds to address such issues with the seriousness they require. Global is sue that Starbucks has not engaged in yet Although efforts made by the company can be applauded, the company has limited its focus in developed worlds and have played minimal stake in developing countries. One problem facing the developing countries is poverty; there are no programs that aim at reducing or eradicating poverty in developing countries. Some companies which are doing better than the company, for example Toyota Corporation, have micro-financing programs in developing countries as efforts to eradicate poverty in the areas.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Starbucks in Europe specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main reason that the company should focus in developing countries is because the nations are potential markets in the future. Developing countries have the potential to industrialize if only they can be given some financial and ideas boosts, the Starbucks has the potential of nurturing dev eloping countries potential. Starbucks Corporation Official Wesite. Starbucks Corporation. Web.